Stem Cells and Extracellular Vesicles: Biological Regulators of Physiology and Disease

Abstract

This is an extraordinary time in cell biology with evolving data pushing a reconsideration of the stability of cell systems and the regulatory mechanisms underlying cell phenotypes, especially the functional cell phenotypes. In this chapter, we will explore new insights into stem cell and extracellular vesicle biology with a focus on the role of extracellular vesicles in normal stem cell physiology as well as in various disease states. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are being recognized as influential mediators of cellular function and potential experimental therapeutic strategies for a number of disorders outlined in this review. An evolving paradigm indicates a dynamic flux of EV populations within these disease states. We conclude our discussion of EV by extending our knowledge of robust EV biology toward disease detection and prognostication. Characterizing the biophysical and functional changes of vesicles amid disease progression or regression enables investigators to merge this information flux with existing deep learning computational and statistical techniques-allowing knowledge to be abstracted from large data sets profiling the biology of EVs within various disease states. Understanding how EV population shifts represent disease regression or progression creates paramount potential for EVs as salient and clinically relevant diagnostic and prognosticating tools.

Melatonin promotes bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic differentiation and prevents osteoporosis development through modulating circ_0003865 that sponges miR-3653-3p

“…Additionally, BMSCs exhibit a high potential to differentiate into a large spectrum of other specialized human cell types, including cardiac myocytes, neural cells, renal cells, liver hepatocytes, corneal cells, blood cells, and even myogenic cells [28][29][30]. Benefiting from their multi-faceted differentiation capabilities, high portability, and relatively low immunogenicity, BMSCs have been regarded as ideal candidate stem cells for the treatment of various human disorders over the past decades [31][32][33]. In adult skeletal tissues, BMSCs primarily differentiate into two cell types: osteoblasts and adipocytes.…”

Extracellular vesicles derived from different sources of mesenchymal stem cells: therapeutic effects and translational potential

“…For extracellular vesicles from human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs), the most common diseases treated are cartilage defects or osteoarthritis which are related to bone diseases [25] [26]. The reason is that the bone marrow source has the bone targeting ability [27] and can also induce osteogenic differentiation similar to its parent cells [28,29]. In a study of osteoarthritis, EVs from hBM-MSCs can promote extracorporeal cartilage regeneration because EVs stimulated chondrocytes to produce proteoglycans and type II collagen.…”

Melatonin promotes bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic differentiation and prevents osteoporosis development through modulating circ_0003865 that sponges miR-3653-3p

“…Additionally, BMSCs exhibit a high potential to differentiate into a large spectrum of other specialized human cell types, including cardiac myocytes, neural cells, renal cells, liver hepatocytes, corneal cells, blood cells, and even myogenic cells [28,29,30]. Bene ting from their multi-faceted differentiation capabilities, high portability, and relatively low immunogenicity, BMSCs have been regarded as ideal candidate stem cells for the treatment of various human disorders over the past decades [31,32,33]. In adult skeletal tissues, BMSCs primarily differentiate into two cell types: osteoblasts and adipocytes.…”