Stem lesions on <i>Betula pendula</i> seedlings in Finnish forest nurseries and the pathogenicity of <i>Phytophthora cactorum</i>

Lilja, Arja; Rikala, Risto; Hietala, Ari M.; Heinonen, Riitta

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0329.1996.tb00713.x

Cited by 21 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Stem lesions are caused by several fungi, e.g. Godronia multispora, Fusarium avenaceum, Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea and Phytopthora cactorum (Lilja et al 1996). The occurrence of these fungi depend on several factors, including ground vegetation and weather conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Micropropagated silver birches (Betula pendula) in the field – performance and clonal differences

Viherä‐Aarnio¹,

Velling²

2001

Silva Fenn.

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Micropropagated and seed-born silver birches (Betula pendula Roth) were compared for survival, height growth and occurrence of biotic damage (voles, hares, mooses, stem lesions and cankers) in fi eld trials in southern Finland. The material consisted of 11 clones and 10 different lots of seedlings growing in 10 fi eld trials, established in clearcut forest cultivation areas. The plants were 6-7 years old. The micropropagated and seed-born material types did not signifi cantly differ from each other as regards survival, height growth and frequencies of damage caused by biotic agents. Large and signifi cant differences were, however, detected in survival, height and frequencies of all types of biotic damage between single clones. Careful selection and testing of birch clones in fi eld conditions is recommended before wide-scale commercial micropropagation and practical forest cultivation takes place.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stem lesions and cankers are among the most serious disease problems in the cultivation of birch (Lilja et al 1996). The frequency of plants suffering from stem lesions can be particularly high in cultivations on former agricultural land (Hytönen 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micropropagated silver birches (Betula pendula) in the field – performance and clonal differences

Viherä‐Aarnio¹,

Velling²

2001

Silva Fenn.

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“…and Syringa vulgaris, and P. pini and P. ramorum on Rhododendron spp. (Lilja et al 1996(Lilja et al , 2010. None of them are host specific, but may cause different symptoms depending on the host plant (Erwin and Ribeiro 1996, Werres et al 2001, Thinggaard 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…plants presenting symptoms of crown rot (Parikka 1990). A year later, it was found in necrotic stem lesions of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) (Lilja et al 1996). Typically, necrosis in the crown causes wilt and dieback of strawberry plants.…”

Section: Phytophthora Cactorum An Established New Pathogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introduced pathogens found on ornamentals, strawberry and trees in Finland over the past 20 years

Lilja

Rytkönen²,

Hantula³

2008

AFSci

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The comparative ease and speed of international trade and travel have enabled or enhanced the spread of pests around the globe. For example, trade in ornamental plants has bolstered the spread of alien Oomycetes such as pathogenic species of Phytophthora. To date, four Phytophthora species have been identified in Finland: P. cactorum on Fragaria x ananassa, Betula pendula and Rhododendron spp., P. plurivora on Rhododendron spp. and Syringa vulgaris, and P. pini and P. ramorum on Rhododendron spp. The ascomycete Colletotrichum acutatum, which was listed as a quarantine pathogen by the European Union until 2009, was introduced in 2000 and can survive in plant debris over two winters in Finland. Positive PCR results have also been obtained from bait plants grown in soil collected from locations where diseased Fragaria x ananassa plants had earlier been destroyed. In the mid-1990s, there was an epidemic of foliar rust caused by the Asian basidiomycete Melampsoridium hiratsukanum on Alnus glutinosa and A. incana. Recently, two ascomycetes that have been introduced are Dothistroma septosporum (responsible for red band needle blight on Pinus sylvestris) and Chalara fraxinea (causing ash decline on Fraxinus excelsior).

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“…(Parikka, 1991), and afterwards from necrotic stem lesions on container seedlings of Betula pendula Roth (Lilja et al, 1996). The number of birch seedlings annually delivered for planting increased dramatically from 1980 to the mid-1990s, which resulted in epidemics of P. cactorum (Lilja et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Irrigation water and Phytophthora cactorum in a forest nursery

Rytkönen¹,

Lilja²,

Petäistö³

et al. 2008

Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research

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Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert and Cohn) J. Schrö t is known to cause stem lesions on Betula pendula Roth in Finnish nurseries. It has been suggested that irrigation water may be one source of infection. Therefore, P. cactorum was baited from pond water used for irrigation and direct isolations were made from necrotic stem lesions in a forest nursery during the years 2004Á2006. Morphological characteristics, as well as sequencing of the b-tubulin gene and ITS1 region, confirmed the isolates as P. cactorum. The pathogen was present in the pond every year, but no diseased seedlings were found in 2005. The cultural and morphological characteristics showed high variation among the isolates, but it was not possible to identify the origins of the isolates according to them. In random amplified microsatellite (RAMS) analysis and DNA sequencing, the isolates from the pond and from the stem lesions were genetically similar, and the tested isolates were pathogenic. The results indicate that irrigation water is one source of stem lesion disease, and the microbe can overwinter in the pond. Two separate forms of the b-tubulin gene were detected in all the studied isolates, suggesting that the P. cactorum here carries two b-tubulin gene loci in its genome.

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Stem lesions on Betula pendula seedlings in Finnish forest nurseries and the pathogenicity of Phytophthora cactorum

Cited by 21 publications

References 9 publications

Micropropagated silver birches (Betula pendula) in the field – performance and clonal differences

Micropropagated silver birches (Betula pendula) in the field – performance and clonal differences

Introduced pathogens found on ornamentals, strawberry and trees in Finland over the past 20 years

Irrigation water and Phytophthora cactorum in a forest nursery

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