Irrigation water and <i>Phytophthora cactorum</i> in a forest nursery

Rytkönen, Anna; Lilja, Arja; Petäistö, Raija-Liisa; Hantula, Jarkko

doi:10.1080/02827580802419034

Cited by 17 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…For instance, Phytophthora species could establish in forests as a result of humans carrying inoculum from regions outside Sweden: for example, by bringing into Sweden infected plants as souvenirs or contaminated soil on their shoes. From the point of entry, Phytophthora could further disperse as a result of soil movement, river transport and/or into nurseries via irrigation with infected river water (Hong & Moorman, ; Rytkönen, Lilja, Petäistö, & Hantula, ). However, we argue that these scenarios are unlikely since they would imply a richer and more diverse Phytophthora community in forests (main entry point), and a share of that community in urban stands and nurseries (secondary establishment environment).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional traits associated with the establishment of introduced Phytophthora spp. in Swedish forests

Redondo

Boberg

Stenlid

et al. 2018

Journal of Applied Ecology

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Invasive forest pathogens of the genus Phytophthora are threatening ecosystems globally. Phytophthora species are mainly introduced by humans importing infected nursery stock. However, due to the presence of environmental filters, not all introduced Phytophthoras manage to establish and spread. Phytophthoras’ ability to overcome these filters may be linked to functional traits. In northern Europe, the increasing number of reports calls for a better understanding of the invasion process to prevent future outbreaks. We hypothesized that the incidence of invasive Phytophthoras in urban locations would be higher than in remote forests, that there would be a decrease of species richness along the invasion process because of environmental filtering, and that there would be a functional shift among Phytophthora communities between stages of invasion. We compared the species composition of 96 sites from 16 rivers running through areas that constitute a gradient of human influence. We also compared the species composition and functional diversity of Phytophthora communities in eight nurseries and 14 forests, including anthropogenic and natural forests. Phytophthoras were isolated from river water, soil and/or plant tissue. Cultures were identified based on the Internal Transcribed Spacer region. Three Phytophthoras were detected in all environments (Phytophthora cactorum, Phytophthora plurivora and Phytophthora cambivora). The incidence of these species was higher in urban locations than in remote forests, suggesting that human activities act as a driver of invasion. Most of the Phytophthoras detected in forests were detected in nurseries. The Phytophthora community in nurseries was richer and more diverse than in forests, pointing to environmental filtering affecting the establishment. Phytophthora communities in nurseries and forests differed in their functional divergence. Traits associated with establishment were the ability to form asexual survival structures and lower cardinal temperatures for growth. Synthesis and applications. Our findings support the view that human activities act as drivers of Phytophthora invasions, and suggest that Phytophthoras able to form asexual structures are more likely to establish in northern Europe. The results increase the capacity to predict the establishment of Phytophthora species in Sweden and expand our understanding of the invasion process of forest pathogens.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional traits associated with the establishment of introduced Phytophthora spp. in Swedish forests

Redondo

Boberg

Stenlid

et al. 2018

Journal of Applied Ecology

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“…The oomycete Phytophthora cactorum (Leb. and Cohn) Schröeter is a birch pathogen that causes stem lesions and infects mostly nursery seedlings [75]. Besides birch, it infects over 200 species of trees, ornamentals, and fruit crops.…”

Section: 2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards the Forest Virome: Next-Generation-Sequencing Drastically Expands our Understanding on Virosphere in Temperate Forest Ecosystems

Rumbou¹,

Ej²,

Büttner³

2021

Preprint

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Forest health is dependent on the variability of microorganisms interacting with the host tree/holobiont. Symbiotic microbiota and pathogens engage in a permanent interplay, which influences the host. Thanks to the development of NGS technologies, a vast amount of genetic information on the virosphere of temperate forests has been gained the last seven years. To estimate the qualitative/quantitative impact of NGS in forest virology, we have summarized viruses affecting major tree/shrub species and their fungal associates, including fungal plant pathogens, mutualists and saprotrophs. The contribution of NGS methods is extremely significant for forest virology. Reviewed data about viral presence in holobionts, allowed us to address the role of the virome in the holobionts. Genetic variation is a crucial aspect in hologenome, significantly reinforced by horizontal gene transfer among all interacting actors. Through virus-virus interplays synergistic or antagonistic relations may evolve, which may drastically affect the health of the holobiont. Novel insights of these interplays may allow practical applications for forest plant protection based on endophytes and mycovirus biocontrol agents. The current analysis is conceived in light of the prospect that novel viruses may initiate an emergent infectious disease and that measures for avoidance of future outbreaks in forests should be considered.

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“…Inoculation of potted ash seedlings, Fraxinus excelsior, by P. plurivora via soil two months before shoot inoculation via wounds by Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, demonstrated induction of plant resistance and less mortality (by 40%) than expected, and achieved in H. fraxineus treatment alone (100%). However, P. cactorum is known as a primary pathogen, causing disease in silver birch seedlings, and can often be isolated in forest nurseries, e.g., using baiting (plant traps) from irrigation water ponds, or directly from necrotic lesions on stems [52].…”

Section: Birch Damage Caused By P Cactorum and A Gallicamentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions between Phytophthora cactorum, Armillaria gallica and Betula pendula Roth. Seedlings Subjected to Defoliation

Nowakowska

Stocki

Stocka

et al. 2020

Forests

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The purpose of this study was to better understand the interactive impact of two soil-borne pathogens, Phytophthora cactorum and Armillaria gallica, on seedlings of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) subjected to stress caused by mechanical defoliation, simulating primary insect feeding. This is the first experimental confirmation of silver birch seedling root damage (and in consequence shoot mortality) caused by the additive effect of defoliation stress and P. cactorum inoculation via soil. However, the most severe damage to roots occurred after A. gallica inoculation. One year after treatments, chlorophyll fluorescence measurement, and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to analyze the photosynthetic activity in leaves, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by the birch leaves, and chemical compounds from the roots. The cumulative effect of the two pathogens and partial defoliation reduced photosynthetic activity, suggesting dysfunction of photosystem PSII due to the applied stresses. In summary, it seems that the main differences in photosynthetic performance could be attributed to Armillaria infection. The birch leaves in seedlings exposed to 50% defoliation, and inoculation with P.cactorum and A. gallica, emitted more aromatic carbonyls and alcohols, as well as half as much aliphatic esters, compared to controls. In infected birch roots, the production of phenols, triterpenes, and fatty alcohols increased, but fatty acids decreased. Higher levels of aromatic carbonyls and alcohols in leaves, as well as phenolic compounds in the roots of stressed birches (compared to control) suggest an activation of plant systemic acquired resistance (SAR).

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Irrigation water and Phytophthora cactorum in a forest nursery

Cited by 17 publications

References 27 publications

Functional traits associated with the establishment of introduced Phytophthora spp. in Swedish forests

Functional traits associated with the establishment of introduced Phytophthora spp. in Swedish forests

Towards the Forest Virome: Next-Generation-Sequencing Drastically Expands our Understanding on Virosphere in Temperate Forest Ecosystems

Interactions between Phytophthora cactorum, Armillaria gallica and Betula pendula Roth. Seedlings Subjected to Defoliation

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