Step‐by‐Step Build‐Up of Biologically Active Cell‐Containing Stratified Films Aimed at Tissue Engineering

Rapid Construction of Three‐Dimensional Multilayered Tissues with Endothelial Tube Networks by the Cell‐Accumulation Technique

“…A conventional approach using biodegradable scaffolds has several limitations in developing 3D tissue constructs which satisfy the above requirements. Recently, several bottom-up approaches such as a cell sheet, [9][10][11] magnetic liposomes, [ 12 , 13 ] and cell-containing gel layers [ 14 ] have been reported for the construction of multilayered tissues. These methods are intriguing examples of a bottom-up approach, but have limitations due to the complicated manipulation of fragile cell sheets or the remains of magnetic particles in the cells.…”

Spray‐Assisted Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Buildup: from Step‐by‐Step to Single‐Step Polyelectrolyte Film Constructions

“…Melanocyte cells responded to the included active molecules demonstrating the possibility to induce cellular responses via embedded active molecules included in LbL films prepared by means of a spraying procedure. [76] The same approach has recently been described for total blood vessel construction. Blood vessels are mainly constituted by endothelial and smooth muscle cells present in the intima and media.…”

Layer‐by‐Layer Processed Multilayers: Challenges and Opportunities

“…The complications of assembling potentially cytotoxic polycations onto living cells has, however, limited the more general applicability of this approach [59]. The use of hydrogen-bonded multilayers [60] and spray-assembled multilayers [61] look to be promising directions to pursue when one needs to assemble polyelectrolyte layers with living cells.…”