Stereolithography of 3D Sustainable Metal Electrodes towards High‐Performance Nickel Iron Battery

Abstract

The present-day ubiquity of smart devices used under extreme conditions demands robust and more sustainable energy storage. Therefore, lightweight electrodes with both excellent electrochemical and mechanical performance to meet these needs are of great importance. Moreover, the recycling of current energy storage devices poses significant environmental concerns, a particularly daunting prospect given the increasing waste volume of metalbased electrodes. To that end, these challenges of performance and sustainability are addressed by leveraging accessible digital light processing (DLP) technology and tailored post-process heat treatment to fabricate a metalbased 3D substrate with ultrahigh precision and hierarchical porosity. Here, a 4-mm-thickness metal-based electrode with NiCo 2 S 4 loading of 18.38 mg cm -2 achieves a high areal capacity of 7.327 mA h cm -2 at 44.85 mA cm -2 , providing a promising way to fabricate high-performance thick electrodes. Most importantly, these electrodes can be fabricated from recyclable metal salt feedstock. The geometric freedom offered by 3D printing supplemented by finite element analyses allows for optimized complex structures to be fabricated. Through rational design realized by 3D printing, a desirable compromise between building density, mechanical properties, electrochemical performances, and environment-friendly processing cycle can be arrived upon.

3D Printed Graphene‐Based Metamaterials: Guesting Multi‐Functionality in One Gain

“…[ 13,14 ] According to the American Society for Testing and Materials, 3D printing techniques can be divided into the following categories: material extrusion (e.g., direct writing, fused deposition modeling), vat photopolymerization, binder jetting, material jetting (e.g., inkjet printing), powder bed fusion (e.g., selective laser melting), directed energy deposition, and sheet lamination. [ 15–20 ] These emerging 3D printing technologies exhibit highly programmable structural features over multiple scales, flexible design of ink, and rapid mass manufacturing capability, which are extremely suitable for manufacturing metamaterials. So far, intensive efforts are devoted to realizing extraordinary functions of 3D‐printed metamaterials, including mechanical metamaterials, electromagnetic metamaterials, acoustic metamaterials, etc.…”

Screen-printed highly stretchable and stable flexible electrodes with a negative Poisson's ratio structure for supercapacitors

“…[8][9][10] Ideally, flexible power sources should be stable and mechanically flexible. [11][12][13][14][15] As one of the most mainstream flexible power sources, supercapacitors (SCs) not only have the characteristics of high power density, fast charge-discharge rate, and high cycle life, but also considered as the most promising flexible electronic product. [16][17][18][19][20] Accordingly, obtaining SCs with good mechanical flexibility and stability is the key to solving the problem.…”

Fabrication of modern lithium ion batteries by 3D inkjet printing: opportunities and challenges

“…3D printed batteries are a part of futuristic technology in emerging electronic applications. Various additive manufacturing (AM) processes can be used to create 3D battery architectures: stereolithography (SLA) [7] , [8] , fused filament fabrication (FFF) [9] , [10] , direct ink writing (DIW) [11] , [12] , aerosol jet printing [13] , [14] , and inkjet printing [15] . Among them, inkjet printing (IJP), as a prospective additive manufacturing technique that enables the rapid and precise deposition of thin films [16] , [17] or 3D patterns [18] , [19] , is considered a promising technology for the fabrication of LIBs.…”