Stereopsis in Human Infants

Fox, Robert; Aslin, Richard Ν.; Shea, Sandra L.; Dumais, Susan T.

doi:10.1126/science.7350666

Cited by 251 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Several previous studies had shown that infants can detect binocular disparity (Birch et al, 1982(Birch et al, , 1983Fox et al, 1980;Held et al, 1980;Petrig et al, 1981), but none had found clear evidence that infants can perceive depth from disparity. For example, Held et al found that infants can discriminate a stereogram from a similar display containing no binocular disparity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first was to compare monocular and binocular depth perception in 4-month-old infants using the same method as in Experiment 1. Recent research suggests that 4 months is the mean age at which infants can first detect binocular disparity (Birch et al, 1982;Fox et al, 1980;Held et al, 1980;Petrig et al, 1981). This experiment, therefore, sought to determine whether binocular depth perception is more accurate than monocular depth perception at the age at which infants are first developing the ability to detect binocular depth information.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, recent findings, indicating that sensitivity to binocular disparity appears at about 3 to 4 months of age (Birch et al, 1982;Fox et al, 1980;Held et al, 1980;Petrig et al, 1981), suggest that stereopsis emerges between 3 and 4 months. In the present study we asked how the development of sensitivity to binocular disparity affects infant spatial perception.…”

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confidence: 97%

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Binocular vision and spatial perception on 4- and 5-month-old infants.

Granrud¹

1986

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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Four experiments investigated the relation between the development of binocular vision and infant spatial perception. Experiments 1 and 2 compared monocular and binocular depth perception in 4-and 5-month-old infants. Infants in both age groups reached more consistently for the nearer of two objects under binocular viewing conditions than under monocular viewing conditions. Experiments 3 and 4 investigated whether the superiority of binocular depth perception in 4-month-olds is related to the development of sensitivity to binocular disparity. Under binocular viewing conditions in Experiment 3, infants identified as disparity-sensitive reached more consistently for the nearer object than did infants identified as disparity-insensitive. The two groups' performances did not differ under monocular viewing conditions. These results suggest that, binocularly, the disparity-sensitive infants perceived the objects' distances more accurately than did the disparity-insensitive infants. In Experiment 4, infants were habituated to an object, then presented with the same object and a novel object that differed only in size. Disparity-sensitive infants showed size constancy by recovering from habituation when viewing the novel object. Disparity-insensitive infants did not show clear evidence of size constancy. These findings suggest that the development of sensitivity to binocular disparity is accompanied by a substantial increase in the accuracy of infant spatial perception.The adult human visual system uses many sources of optical information to perceive the three-dimensional spatial layout of the environment. We can perceive objects' locations, sizes, and shapes from kinetic information produced by motion in the light reaching the eyes (Gibson, 1966;Johansson, 1978), from binocular disparity (Julesz, 1971), and from "pictorial" depth cues such as interposition, shading, and texture gradients (Gibson, 1950;Hochberg, 1971). Unlike adults, newborn infants appear to be incapable of using many sources of information in spatial perception. Recent research suggests that infants become sensitive to binocular disparity between 3 and 4 months of age (Birch,

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 97%

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Binocular vision and spatial perception on 4- and 5-month-old infants.

Granrud¹

1986

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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“…Orthotropia and reduced patching, particularly during years 2, 3, and 4, both correlated with 18,19 Ocular alignment and good visual acuity in both eyes are necessary for the development of highgrade stereopsis. 17,20 Stereopsis has been shown to improve after correction of refractive errors with glasses and after part-time occlusion therapy in amblyopic children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with stereopsis and a good visual acuity outcome among children in the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study

Lambert

DuBois

Cotsonis³

et al. 2016

Eye

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Purpose To identify factors associated with stereopsis in children with good visual acuity after unilateral congenital cataract surgery in the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study. Patients and methods Infants with a unilateral congenital cataract (n = 114) were randomized to IOL implantation or contact lens correction after cataract surgery. At age 4.5 years, a masked examiner assessed HOTV acuity and stereopsis. Adherence to patching was assessed using 48-h recall telephone interviews and 7-day diaries throughout the first 5 years of life. Ocular motility was evaluated at age 5 years. Baseline, postoperative, and adherence findings were compared between patients with 20/40 or better acuity in their treated eyes with or without stereopsis. Results Thirty (27%) of 112 patients who were evaluated at age 4.5 years had 20/40 or better acuity in their treated eye. Stereopsis was present on one or more tests in 15 of these 30 (50%) children. Baseline characteristics and postoperative findings did not differ between patients with or without stereopsis. Children with stereopsis were more likely to be orthotropic at distance (P = 0.003) and were patched for fewer hours per day throughout the first 5 years of life and the difference increased over time (Po0.001). On average children with stereopsis were patched for 3.4 h/day during the first year of life and patching steadily decreased to 1.8 h/day by age 4 years. Conclusion Among children with good vision following unilateral congenital cataract surgery, orthophoria and fewer hours of patching, particularly during years 2, 3, and 4, are associated with some evidence of stereopsis.

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“…Experimental stimuli The experimental stimuli were static and dynamic random-dot stereograms (the projected width and height of the stereograms was 21.5°and 14.5°of visual angle, respectively); they were presented as anaglyphs (see, e.g., Fox, Aslin, Shea, & Dumais, 1980;Julesz, 1971;Norman, Burton, & Best, 2010;Patterson et al, 1995;Patterson, Moe, & Hewitt, 1992). The stereograms contained either 1,000 or 6,000 binocularly disparate points; these disparities defined both the experimental surfaces and the volumetric noise.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aging and the discrimination of 3-D shape from motion and binocular disparity

Norman

Holmin

Beers

et al. 2012

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Two experiments evaluated the ability of younger and older adults to visually discriminate 3-D shape as a function of surface coherence. The coherence was manipulated by embedding the 3-D surfaces in volumetric noise (e.g., for a 55 % coherent surface, 55 % of the stimulus points fell on a 3-D surface, while 45 % of the points occupied random locations within the same volume of space). The 3-D surfaces were defined by static binocular disparity, dynamic binocular disparity, and motion. The results of both experiments demonstrated significant effects of age: Older adults required more coherence (tolerated volumetric noise less) for reliable shape discrimination than did younger adults. Motion-defined and static-binoculardisparity-defined surfaces resulted in similar coherence thresholds. However, performance for dynamic-binoculardisparity-defined surfaces was superior (i.e., the observers' surface coherence thresholds were lowest for these stimuli). The results of both experiments showed that younger and older adults possess considerable tolerance to the disrupting effects of volumetric noise; the observers could reliably discriminate 3-D surface shape even when 45 % of the stimulus points (or more) constituted noise.

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Stereopsis in Human Infants

Cited by 251 publications

References 22 publications

Binocular vision and spatial perception on 4- and 5-month-old infants.

Binocular vision and spatial perception on 4- and 5-month-old infants.

Factors associated with stereopsis and a good visual acuity outcome among children in the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study

Aging and the discrimination of 3-D shape from motion and binocular disparity

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