Stereotaxically constructed graphene/nano lead composite for enhanced cycling performance of lead-acid batteries

Effect of sucrose-based carbon foams as negative electrode additive on the performance of lead-acid batteries under high-rate partial-state-of-charge condition

“…This is because the porous structure of CF can provide excess reaction sites and transport channels for the sulfuric acid electrolyte, facilitating the electrolyte to enter the negative electrode plate and make more contact with the neutral aqueous medium. This promotes the conversion of large PbSO 4 crystals into sponge-like Pb active materials, improving the utilization of the neutral aqueous medium and thereby enhancing the charge-discharge capabilities of the battery [ 51 ].…”

Application and development of lead-carbon battery in electric energy storage system

“…Since the birth of lead-carbon battery, various types and structures of carbon materials have emerged in an endless stream, and the application of porous carbon materials to the negative electrode of lead-carbon batteries can optimize battery performance. B L W A et al [6] proposed and prepared a new type of nano-lead-doped mesoporous carbon composite material as a negative electrode additive, and experimental results showed that through NaOH activation and air oxidation, porous carbon can obtain more mesoporous volume and appropriate acidic groups, enabling the mesoporous system to load more nano-lead deposits, and limit the size of the deposits to the nanometer level through its local effects, thereby ensuring more significant inhibition of hydrogen evolution and better Pb/PbSO4 reversibility; Li J et al [7] synthesized a lead-carbon composite NSCG@PbO with nano-lead oxide and multifunctional porous carbon nucleated on the graphene framework by sol-gel pyrolysis, and applied it to the negative electrode of lead-carbon batteries, the unique three-dimensional porous lead-carbon network structure of NSCG@PbO limits the formation of large PbSO4 particles, effectively increases the porosity of lead-carbon electrodes, maintains the electrochemically active surface area of lead-carbon batteries, and PbO functional groups and COO functional groups embedded in the graphene framework further enhance the interfacial performance of electrode and electrolyte, inhibited the hydrogen evolution during the long cycle, and successfully enhanced the reversibility of the deep discharge of the battery; Zhang Y S et al [8] synthesized three-dimensionally constructed graphene/nano-lead (SCG-Pb) composites by electrodeposition, the study showed that SCG-Pb has good electrical conductivity, rich pore structure and excellent dispersion, an efficient conductive network can be constructed in the negative electrode active material, which is beneficial to the ion exchange between the negative electrode active material and the electrolyte, accelerates the dynamic process of the negative electrode, and effectively suppresses the irreversible sulfation of the negative electrode, thereby improving the capacity and cycle life of the battery; Xie JM et al [9] prepared lead oxide and carbon composites (LC) by pyrolysis of highly graphitized porous carbon and PbCO3 mixtures, the test results show that the density difference between Pb and C can be eliminated by using LC materials, thus, they are uniformly mixed, effectively limiting the accumulation of irreversible PbSO4, and the presence of -Pb-COO chemical bonds can enhance the stability of the lead-carbon electrode. Compared with the control battery, when the LC material is added to the negative electrode active material, the initial specific discharge capacity increased by 16.5%; Gao Y [10] prepared a new lead-modified phenolic resin-based carbon material (Pb/PRC) with lead-modified phenolic resin (Pb/PR) as precursor, toluene as pore-forming agent, and KOH as activator, he hierarchical porous nanosphere structure exhibited by it helps to prolong its cycle life under HRPSoC, effectively suppress hydrogen evolution and improve specific capacitance; Yi T H et al [11] synthesized hierarchically porous carbon with in-situ grown carbon nanotube clusters (HPC-CNTs) by transition metal catalytic cracking, and used as an additive to suppress the irreversible sulfation of the negative electrode.…”

Preparation of NH4Cl-Modified Carbon Materials via High-Temperature Calcination and Their Application in the Negative Electrode of Lead-Carbon Batteries

“…And, Figure 9 a–c are the microscopic morphologies of the blank battery, 1 wt.% AC battery and 1 wt.% NCC battery before cycling experiments, respectively. The NAM in the negative plate of the blank battery undergoes aggregation with a smooth surface containing large particulate matter, leading to a reduction in the active sites on the surface of the blank plate and a reduction in the charging efficiency of the battery [ 37 ]. In contrast, the morphology of the negative plate of the 1 wt.% AC battery and the 1 wt.% NCC battery is very different from that of the blank plate, with the presence of a large amount of rough and fluffy metallic Pb.…”