Stereotypy I: A review of behavioral assessment and treatment

Rapp, John T.; Vollmer, Timothy R.

doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2004.11.005

Cited by 285 publications

(239 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Treating automatically reinforced behavior, regardless of topography, carries unique challenges (Rapp, 2008;Rapp & Vollmer, 2005). Therefore, a future area of research may focus on the treatment of automatically maintained elopement.…”

Section: Fa Results and Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Review of Functional Analysis and Treatment of Elopement (2000–2015)

Boyle

Adamson

2017

Behav Analysis Practice

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Elopement is a dangerous behavior that is emitted by a large proportion of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Functional analysis and functionbased treatments are critical in identifying maintaining reinforcers and decreasing elopement. The purpose of this review was to identify recent trends in the functional analysis and treatment of elopement, as well as determine the efficacy (standardized mean differences) of recent treatments. Over half of subjects' elopement was maintained by social positive reinforcement, while only 25% of subjects' elopement was maintained by social negative reinforcement. Elopement was rarely maintained by automatic reinforcement, and none of the studies in the current review evaluated treatments to address automatically maintained elopement. Functional communication training was the most common intervention regardless of function. Results are discussed in terms of clinical implications and directions for future research.

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Section: Fa Results and Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Review of Functional Analysis and Treatment of Elopement (2000–2015)

Boyle

Adamson

2017

Behav Analysis Practice

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“…Although the underlying causes of stereotypy are unknown, most scientists in the field believe it comprises a class of operant behaviors maintained by reinforcement contingencies (Koegel & Covert, 1972;Lovaas, Newsom, & Hickman, 1987;Rapp & Vollmer, 2005;Rogers & Ozonoff, 2005). A substantial body of research provides evidence for a sensory function of stereotypy, whereby behavior is maintained by automatic reinforcement (Lovaas, et al, 1987;Piazza, Adelinis, Hanley, Goh, & Delia, 2000;Rapp, 2006;Rincover, 1978;Rincover, Cook, Peoples, & Packard, 1979).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stereotypy in autism: The importance of function

Cunningham

Schreibman

2008

Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders

242

137

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We argue for the utility of a functional definition of stereotypy based on evidence of both sensory automatic and socially mediated reinforcement contingencies in the occurrence of stereotypy in children with autism. A predetermined sensory function of stereotypy is often invoked in the behavioral literature and the term "self-stimulatory behavior" is commonly misused as interchangeable with "stereotypy." We discuss evidence for a variety of potential functional properties of stereotypy. Diagnostic definitions are reviewed and support for both sensory and social functions is outlined. We argue that stereotypies should be described and categorized according to their function, rather than form. Furthermore, treatment decisions should be based on a functional interpretation of stereotypy, which acknowledges its operant and heterogeneous quality in autism.

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“…The self-stimulating properties of stereotypies may develop to increase arousal in unstimulating environments; or stereotyped behavior may occur during states of increased stress, serving as a coping mechanism by dissipating tension, frustration or anxiety; or both [13,47]. The long-term maintenance of abnormal behavior may result if the individual displaying it is somehow rewarded through its exhibition [34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beta-endorphin levels in longtailed and pigtailed macaques vary by abnormal behavior rating and sex

et al. 2007

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Frequent or severe abnormal behavior may be associated with the release of endorphins that positively reinforce the behavior with an opiate euphoria or analgesia. One line of research exploring this association involves the superhormone, proopiomelanocortin (POMC). The products of POMC appear to be dysregulated in some human subjects who exhibit self-injurious behavior (SIB). Macaque monkeys have POMC very similar to humans, and some laboratory macaques display SIB or frequent stereotypies. We investigated associations between plasma levels of three immunoreactive POMC fragments with possible opioid action and abnormal behavior ratings in macaques. In 58 adult male and female macaques (24 Macaca fascicularis and 34 M. nemestrina), plasma levels of intact beta-endorphin (βE) and the N-terminal fragment (BEN) were significantly higher in animals with higher levels of abnormal behavior. The C-terminal fragment (BEC) was significantly higher in males but unrelated to ratings of abnormal behavior. Levels of ACTH, cortisol, and (βE-ACTH)/βE dysregulation index were unrelated to abnormal behavior. None of the POMC products differed significantly by subjects' species, age, or weight. The finding that intact betaendorphin is positively related to abnormal behavior in two species of macaque is consistent with some previous research on human subjects and nonprimates. The positive relation of the N-terminal fragment of βE to abnormal behavior is a new finding.

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Stereotypy I: A review of behavioral assessment and treatment

Cited by 285 publications

References 63 publications

Systematic Review of Functional Analysis and Treatment of Elopement (2000–2015)

Systematic Review of Functional Analysis and Treatment of Elopement (2000–2015)

Stereotypy in autism: The importance of function

Beta-endorphin levels in longtailed and pigtailed macaques vary by abnormal behavior rating and sex

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