Sterilization of male stray dogs with a single intratesticular injection of calcium chloride: a dose-dependent study

Review on Chemical Sterilization of Male Dogs.

“…They concluded that an intratesticular injection of CaCl 2 was effective and economical for the sterilization of male dogs. It is free from pain and chronic stress and will contribute to a simple alternative (Jana and Samanta, 2007). Also Jana and Samanta, (2011) reported that: A single bilateral intra-testicular injection of calcium chloride solution is effective, economical, easy to perform and does not require to removal of testis in cats.…”

“…Advantages of nonsurgical chemical sterilization are apparent reduction of pain and stress, and elimination of hemorrhage, hernia, infection, myiasis and other surgical sequelae (Cohen et al, 1990). Consequently, several attempts have been made in search of promising effective chemical agent, which included intratesticular injections (ITIs) of a various chemicals to promote castration in various species such as primates (Kar et al, 1965), rodents (Emir et al, 2011), canine (Pineda et al, 1977;Jana and Samanta, 2007;Oliveira et al, 2012), feline (Pineda et al, 1984), bovine (Neto et al, 2014), donkey (Ibrahim et al, 2016) and caprine (Jana et al, 2005).…”

“…Besides this, postoperative care and management of the animal are also required to prevent infection (Jana et al, 2005). Although vasectomies and vasal occlusion are less invasive surgical procedures than castration, these procedures also carry similar anesthetic risks and postsurgical complications (Jana and Samanta, 2007).…”

“…In order to minimize post-operative complications and costs associated with conventional surgical castration, other in situ noninvasive approaches have been used which include immune-castration and chemical castration and more recently natural oil castration (Dube et al, 1987;Samanta, 2007 andAbshenas et al, 2013). Chemical orchidectomy with chemical agent has been suggested as a fast and low cost alternative which could be used in a wide range of canine populations, especially in poor regions where problem is more intense (Soto et al, 2007).…”

“…The chemical agents tried to produce castration include hormones such as androgen (Matsumoto, 1988), progestagens (Swerdloff et al, 1992), androgens plus progestagens (Wu and Aitken, 1989;Dube et al, 1987) and agonists for gonadotrophin releasing hormone (Trembley and Belanger, 1984) as well as chemical like cadmium chloride (Parizek, 1960), Danazol (Dube et al, 1987), glycerol (Wiebe et al, 1989), lactic acid (Fordyce et al, 1989), ferric chloride and ferrous sulphate (Kar et al, 1965), calcium chloride (CaCl) (Jana and Samanta, 2007;Ibrahim et al, 2016), Zinc gluconate (Neutersol), and 20% NaCl hypertonic solution (Kwak and Lee, 2013) have been used for induction of chemosterilization.…”