Steroid utilization and fatty acid synthesis by the larva of the housefly <i>Musca vicina</i> Macq

Levinson, Z. H.; Bergmann, Ernst D.

doi:10.1042/bj0650254

Cited by 43 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…same specific sterol (Levinson and Bergmann, 1957). When critically studied, many insects showed also a requirement for a polyunsaturated fatty acid.…”

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confidence: 99%

Studies on lipids in some Homopterous insects

Strong¹

1963

Hilg

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MOST OF THE STUDIES of lipids extracted by organic solvents from various insects have been made on leaf-or stem-feeding Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, or Diptera. The values of the iodine numbers used to characterize the crude lipids from these insects-ranging approximately from 100 to 140-indicate that, although the variation is great, the degree of unsaturation is, in general, high. Gilmour (1961) and Hilditch (1956) have reviewed the occurrence of lipids in insects. The first report on the lipid composition of an aphid was that of Timon-David (1928), who demonstrated that lipids from gall-forming aphids of the genus Pemphigus have the remarkably low iodine number of 1.5 and contain a high proportion of the volatile, short-chain fatty acids. Lipids in insects usually occur in the form of glycerides. Giral (1946), however, noted the virtual absence of glycerides in an orthopteron, Spheneriwm. purpurascens Charpentier. Wren and Mitchell (1959) made a definitive study on the separation of various lipid classes in Drosophila spp. and identified several phosphatides and other compound lipids. Friend (1958) and House (1961) reviewed the literature on the nutritional requirements of insects for specific lipids. To date all insects studied showed a requirement for a sterol (Gilmour, 1961), though not necessarily for the 1

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“…same specific sterol (Levinson and Bergmann, 1957). When critically studied, many insects showed also a requirement for a polyunsaturated fatty acid.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on lipids in some Homopterous insects

Strong¹

1963

Hilg

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“…A fluorinated analogue of glycerol may disturb the carbohydrate metabolism, an "antivitamin" may inactivate an essential growth factor for the insects; in particular, it appears not impossible that a compound which would interfere with the resorption or utilization of cholesterol would have insecticidal properties. Indeed, it has already been found that cholestanol [59] and cholesteryl chloride [78] are competitive antagonists for cholesterol.…”

Section: Sterol Addedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the locusts (both Schistocerca gregaria and migratoria) it has been shown, that they utilize cholesterol and its acetate, sitosterol and cholestanol, but not stigmasterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol, ergosterol, cholest-4-en-3-one and 7-oxocholesteryl acetate [57], although our own experiments [58] do not entirely agree with these data. More drastic changes in the molecular structure, especially the shortening of the side chain [59], abolish completely the biological availability of the sterols, and it is perhaps a good illustration for this unusual situation that vitamin D 2 was one of the most toxic substances for houseflies encountered in our research [60]. In this connection, it may also be mentioned that according to Casida, Beck and Cole [61] the sterol esterase of the intestines of Periplaneta americana esterifies only cholesterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol and LJ 7 -cholestenol.…”

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confidence: 99%

Chemical Aspects of the Fight Against Insects

Bergmann¹

1963

Israel Journal of Chemistry

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A survey is given of the existing knowledge on the mode of action of DDT and analogous compounds, especially the 1,I-diaryl-2,2,2-trifluoroethane derivatives. as well as DDT synergists. The relative importance of DDT dehydrochlorinase for the detoxification of DDT is discussed.The nutritive requirements of the insects and their differences from those of higher animals are surveyed. Of particular interest are the sterol requirements of the insects, which are incapable of synthesizing these compounds, and the biological availability of "unnatural" analogs of the sterols,

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“…from Sv -1-120 ml ether 3) 15 g LFM + 120 ml ether (Control) 3a) 15 g LFM i+ 120 ml ether (Control) After complete evaporation of the ether, to each beaker 200 housefly eggs were added, which had been deposited on cotton wool moistened with water, the milk having been removed from the breeding cages the previous day. The eggs were suspended, according to LEVINSON & BERGMANN (1957) in 30 ml of 5% yeast autolysate (lipid-free, of the firm Dr. Piccioni, Brescia, Italy) in distilled water; this was mixed well with the LFM preparations. The formulations were inseminated with eggs as follows: The beakers were covered with filter paper and incubated at 30 ~ C. The following yield of pupae was obtained:…”

Section: Influence Of Lipids In Larval Diet On the Resistance Of Adulmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 1) there were obtained 132 pupae of Sv; in 2) there were obtained 168 pupae of K1; in 3) and 3a) all larvae died in the first or second stage (due to lack of sterol, cf. SILVERMAN & LEVINSON 1954;LEVINSON & BERGMANN 1957).…”

Section: Influence Of Lipids In Larval Diet On the Resistance Of Adulmentioning

confidence: 99%

LIPOID CONTENT AND RESISTANCE IN THE HOUSEFLY, MUSCA DOMESTICA L

Ascher

Neri

1961

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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The lipoid content of several resistant and normal strains of houseflies was determined. A Swiss extremely DDT‐resistant strain had a much higher fat content than a normal Swiss reference strain and several Italian strains. Among the Italian strains, a chlordane‐resistant strain had a significantly higher fat content than a diazinon‐resistaat and a normal strain. This difference was no longer significant however, when the normal Swiss strain was included in the calculations. Iodine numbers, specific gravity and physical consistence showed no consistent difference between the fats of resistant and normal strains, except that the syphoned‐off oils from fats of resistant flies seemed to be less viscous than those of normal flies of the same provenience. In a further series of experiments, the lipids were extracted from wheat bran, to which were added instead fats extracted from normal and from DDT‐resistant housefly pupae; normal larvae were reared in a medium containing the fat from resistant pupae and vice versa. Neither this procedure nor that of offering cholesterol as sole larval lipid source, had any influence on resistance level in the adult state. Zusammenfassung LIPOIDCEHAL? UND RESISTENZ DER HAUSFLIEGE, MUSCA DOMESTICA L. Es wurde der Lipoidgehalt der Puppen resistenter und sensibler Hausfliegenstämme bestimmt. Ein hoch DDT‐resistenter Schweizer Stamm hatte einen bedeutend höheren Fettgehalt als ein normaler Schweizer und verschiedene italienische Stämme. Unter den italienischen Stämmen, hatte ein Chlordan‐resistenter Stamm einen signifikant höheren Fettgehalt als ein Diazinon‐resistenter und ein normaler Stamm. Wenn jedoch bei der statistischen Auswertung dieser Resultate die Zahlen für den Schweizer normalen Vergleichstamm mit in Betracht gezogen wurden, waren die Unterschiede für den Chlordanstamm nicht mehr signifikant. Die Feststellung Wiesmanns, dass resistente Hausfliegen einen höheren Fettgehalt aufweisen, konnte also in unseren Versuchen nur in einem von drei resistenten Stammen bestätigt werden. Es ist daher anzunehmen, dass die Tatsache vorhandenen höheren Fettgehaltes nicht für alle resistenten Stämme zutrifft. Die Wiesmann'sche Lipoidtheorie der Insektizidresistenz, die übrigens auch von ihm selbst nur als Teilmechamsmus des Resistenzgeschehens aufgefasst wird, ist vielleicht für gewisse Stämme anwendbar, so z.B. für den Schweizer Stamm Kr, für den unsere Resultate mit den Ergebnissen Wiesmanns übereinstimmen. Die Theorie ist jedoch sicher nicht für jeglichen resistenten Hausfliegenstamm gültig. Wenn chemische und physikalische Eigenschaften der Fette, z.B. Jodzahl, Dichte und Konsistenz verglichen wurden, konnten keine klaren Unterschiede zwischen dem Fett resistenter und normaler Stämme gefunden werden. Vielleicht könnte man nur von einem Unterschied in der Viskosität der abgeheberten flüssigen Ölphase resistenter und normaler Fliegen gleicher Provenienz sprechen. Extrahierung der im Larvenfutter vorhandenen Fette und ihr Ersatz durch Fliegenpuppenfette, oder Verabreichung von Cholesterin al...

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Steroid utilization and fatty acid synthesis by the larva of the housefly Musca vicina Macq

Cited by 43 publications

References 29 publications

Studies on lipids in some Homopterous insects

Studies on lipids in some Homopterous insects

Chemical Aspects of the Fight Against Insects

LIPOID CONTENT AND RESISTANCE IN THE HOUSEFLY, MUSCA DOMESTICA L

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