Stibium: A Promising Electrode toward Building High-Performance Na-Ion Full-Cells

Abstract

Antimony-based materials are promising anode candidates for sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) due to their high theoretical capacity of 660 mAh g -1 (Na 3 Sb). In fact, antimony-based alloying and conversion-alloying electrodes exhibit high capacity and cycling stability, with newly developed strategies to overcome the common problem of volume expansion, all leading to renewed interest in antimony-based NIB materials. In this review, we discuss the performance of antimony-based materials for energy storage and conversion devices such as NIBs, Na-ion fuel cells, sea-water batteries, and Na-air batteries. This review also tackles common issues in NIBs that employ antimony-based materials (e.g., Sb-carbon composite and Sb 2 X 3 (X -O, and S), as well as several strategies that can be adopted to address these limitations.

Ultrafine Sb Pillared Few-Layered Ti3C2Tx MXenes for Advanced Sodium Storage

“…More distinct information of the electrochemical process can be revealed through the d Q /d V curves (Figure e), in which two pairs of redox peaks are identified, implying a two-step alloying mechanism . The peak intensity of the following scans greatly reduces in comparison to the first cycle, which results from the amorphization of the sodiation/desodiation product . In addition, the overpotentials of the redox peaks decrease obviously in the subsequent scans due to the rapid activation of the electrode after the initial cycle .…”

“…69 The peak intensity of the following scans greatly reduces in comparison to the first cycle, which results from the amorphization of the sodiation/ desodiation product. 70 In addition, the overpotentials of the redox peaks decrease obviously in the subsequent scans due to the rapid activation of the electrode after the initial cycle. 71 Furthermore, the CV profiles nearly overlapped after the first cycle, suggesting the excellent electrochemical stability of the Sb/p-Ti 3 C 2 T x electrode.…”

Nanodot‐in‐Nanofiber Structured Carbon‐Confined Sb2Se3 Crystallites for Fast and Durable Sodium Storage

“…[ 2 ] Various carbon‐based materials, for example, graphite, [ 3 ] graphene, [ 4 ] soft carbon, [ 5 ] and hard carbon, [ 6 ] have been proposed and their sodium storage mechanisms have been systematically studied as well. Most of them, however, suffer from unsatisfactory specific capacity (<300 mAh g −1 ) [ 7 ] and Na plating risk near the low voltage plateau (<0.2 V) in the full cell under abuse conditions (e.g., overcharge), [ 8 ] which limits the overall energy density and raises safety concerns. Therefore, great efforts are being committed to explore new‐type anode materials with both high capacity and appropriate redox potential against Na plating.…”

Fabrication of Na‐Ion Full‐Cells using Carbon‐Coated Na3V2(PO4)2O2F Cathode with Conversion Type CuO Nanoparticles from Spent Li‐Ion Batteries

“…The sparse and widespread resources, combined with fluctuating supply chain of electrode raw materials, force us to rule out lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) as an option for such large-scale energy storage devices. For such big-scale storage applications, sodium-ion battery (SIB) will be an ideal candidate due to its enormous resource availability and even distribution across the globe [1,2] . Despite their widespread use, there is an acute deficiency in the LIB recycling technology and economic recovery of the current collector, transition metals, separator, graphite [3,4] , and lithium metal that can be efficiently reused.…”