Stigma in coronavirus disease-19 survivors in Kashmir, India: A cross-sectional exploratory study

Abstract

Background Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has not only spawned a lot of stigma and discrimination towards its survivors but also to their corpses. We aimed to assess the magnitude and correlates of stigma in these survivors, on return to their communities. Methods This was a cross-sectional, hospital-based, exploratory study conducted by the postgraduate department of psychiatry, in collaboration with the postgraduate department of chest medicine, Govt. medical college, Srinagar. The study was performed among COVID-19 survivors, who attended the outpatient department after their discharge from the hospital. Socio-demographic characteristics were recorded through semi-structured proforma. Stigma was measured by the stigma questionnaire. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis. Results A total of 91 survivors consented to participate in the study. Almost half (46.2%) of them were in the age group of 30–49 years and close to two-thirds (68.1%) were males. About three–fourths (74.7%) were from the urban background. The mean time from hospital discharge to study entry was 11.7±5.1 [Range(R) = 7–21] days. 98% of survivors provided at least one stigma endorsing response and the total mean stigma score was 28.5±7.1[R = 6–39]. The mean stigma sub-scores were highest for enacted stigma (7.6±1.8) [R = 2–9] and externalized stigma (15.0±4.1) [R = 1–20]. Enacted stigma was significantly high in males as compared to females. Enacted stigma and internalized stigma were both associated with education. Enacted stigma, externalized stigma, disclosure concerns, and total stigma was significantly associated with the occupation. Being unemployed and time since discharge were identified as independent predictors of total stigma. Conclusion Our study results showed high levels of enacted and externalized stigma among COVID-19 survivors. Enacted stigma was more among males and in those who were highly educated. Survivor centered and community-driven anti-stigma programs are the need of the hour to promote the recovery and community re-integration of these survivors.

The COVID-19 Sequelae: A Cross-Sectional Evaluation of Post-recovery Symptoms and the Need for Rehabilitation of COVID-19 Survivors

“…SARS and MERS survivors suffered not only from physical ramifications (reduced exercise capacity and lung function) but also from mental health impairment (anxiety and depression) [9]. Similarly, owing to the stigma associated with COVID-19, the survivors face constant shaming and discrimination, adding a psychological component to their physical suffering [10]. However, with most current literature focused on the acute management of COVID-19, data regarding post-COVID-19 manifestations are sparse.…”

A qualitative inquiry into stigma among patients with Covid-19 in Chennai, India

“…A study from Nepal revealed stigmatisation of frontline health workers (19). A quantitative survey of 91 people who had survived Covid-19 infection in Kashmir, India, showed a high level of enacted and externalised stigma ie stigma which is a consequence of social interactions of the infected persons (20). However, there are not many qualitative interview-based studies.…”

Correction: Stigma in coronavirus disease-19 survivors in Kashmir, India: A cross-sectional exploratory study

“…Dar SA, Khurshid SQ, Wani ZA, Khanam A, Haq I, Shah NN, et al (2020) Correction: Stigma in coronavirus disease-19 survivors in Kashmir, India: A cross-sectional exploratory study. PLoS ONE 15(12): e0244715.…”