Stimulation of Pig Growth Performance by Porcine Growth Hormone: Determination of the Dose-Response Relationship

Etherton, Terry D.; Wiggins, J. P.; Evock, Christina M.; Chung, Chung S.; Rebhun, John F.; Walton, P. E.; Steele, N. C.

doi:10.2527/jas1987.642433x

Cited by 234 publications

(109 citation statements)

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“…In this study, treatment with GH more than doubled the rate of loss of backfat at an average dose of either 13·4 or 25·6 µg pGH/kg.day. In contrast, doses of 30 µg pGH/kg.day failed to decrease carcass lipid content in non-pregnant growing pigs, and a dose of 70 µg pGH/kg.day decreased carcass lipid by 25% (Etherton et al 1987). This suggests that pregnancy enhances the sensitivity of pigs to the antilipogenic effects of GH.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

“…GH is not able to cross the placenta (Fholenhag et al 1994), but elevated GH in pregnancy may promote fetal growth either by increasing maternal plasma glucose concentrations through its antagonistic effects on insulin action (Herrera et al 1994) or by increasing placental capacity to transfer nutrients (Jenkinson et al 1999). In growing non-pregnant pigs, GH treatment increases muscle growth and circulating levels of sugars, fatty acids, insulin and IGF-I, and reduces adipose deposition, even when feed is restricted by 20% to 40% below ad libitum rates (Buonomo et al 1995, Campbell et al 1988, Etherton et al 1987, Gopinath & Etherton 1989. In vitro, GH antagonises insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and lipogenesis in porcine adipose tissue (Magri et al 1990, Walton & Etherton 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Treatment of underfed pigs with GH throughout the second quarter of pregnancy increases fetal growth

Gatford

Owens

Campbell

et al. 2000

Journal of Endocrinology

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Circulating growth hormone (GH) concentrations increase in pregnancy and administration of GH during early-mid pregnancy increases fetal growth in well-fed pigs. To determine whether increased maternal GH could promote fetal growth when feed availability is restricted, fifteen cross-bred primiparous sows (gilts) were fed at approximately 30% of ad libitum intake, from mating onwards and were injected daily i.m. with recombinant porcine GH (pGH) at doses of 0, 13·4 0·3 and 25·6 0·5 µg/kg live weight from day 25 to day 51 of pregnancy (term 115 days). Treatment with pGH increased maternal backfat loss between day 25 and day 51 of pregnancy, and increased maternal plasma IGF-I concentrations measured at day 51 of pregnancy. Fetal body weight, length and skull width at day 51 of pregnancy were increased by maternal treatment with pGH. Fetal plasma glucose concentrations were increased and maternal/fetal plasma glucose concentration gradients were decreased by maternal pGH treatment at 13·4, but not 25·6 µg/kg.day. Fetal plasma concentrations of urea were decreased by both levels of pGH treatment. Overall, fetal weight was negatively correlated with fetal plasma concentrations of urea, positively correlated with maternal plasma -amino nitrogen concentrations and unrelated to glucose concentrations in either maternal or fetal plasma. This suggests that the availability of amino acids, not glucose, limits fetal growth in the first half of pregnancy in underfed gilts, and that maternal GH treatment may improve amino acid delivery to the fetus.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of underfed pigs with GH throughout the second quarter of pregnancy increases fetal growth

Gatford

Owens

Campbell

et al. 2000

Journal of Endocrinology

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“…In the current study, ST treatment for 7 days in growing swine elicited the metabolic responses that are characteristic of ST treatment in domestic animals. ST treatment increased body weight and improved the efficiency (ϩ35%) with which dietary phenylalanine was utilized for whole body protein deposition and growth, as demonstrated in numerous studies (7,9,20,21,38,45,47). ST treatment also produced the characteristic stimulation of the somatotropic axis (4,9,19,45,47,49), as indicated by a fivefold elevation in IGF-I concentration, and a diabetogenic response (10,16,46,48), as indicated by the rise in plasma glucose concentration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…To quantify phenylalanine kinetics in the HQ and PDV, a primed (10 mol/kg), continuous (10 mol ⅐ kg Ϫ1 ⅐ h Ϫ1 ) intravenous infusion of [ 2 H5]phenylalanine (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories) and a primed (20 mol/kg), continuous (20 mol ⅐ kg Ϫ1 ⅐ h Ϫ1 ) intraduodenal infusion of [1-13 C]phenylalanine (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories) were performed from 120 to 360 min. Volume blood flow rate (ml/min) measurements were obtained by using simultaneous transit-time ultrasound and blood sampling by a dual-channel flowmeter (T206, Transonic Systems).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Somatotropin-induced protein anabolism in hindquarters and portal-drained viscera of growing pigs

Bush

Burrin

Suryawan

et al. 2003

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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Arterial, portal venous, and vena cava whole blood samples, breath samples, and blood flow measurements were obtained for determination of tissue and whole body phenylalanine kinetics under steady-state conditions. In the fed state, ST treatment decreased whole body phenylalanine flux, oxidation, and protein degradation without altering protein synthesis, resulting in an improvement in whole body net protein balance. Blood flow to the HQ (ϩ80%), but not to the PDV, was increased with ST treatment. In the HQ and PDV, ST increased phenylalanine uptake (ϩ44 and ϩ23%, respectively) and protein synthesis (ϩ43 and ϩ41%, respectively), with no effect on protein degradation. In ST-treated and control pigs, phenylalanine was oxidized in the PDV (34-43% of enteral and arterial sources) but not the HQ. In both treatment groups, dietary (40%) rather than arterial (10%) extraction of phenylalanine predominated in gut amino acid metabolism, whereas localized blood flow influenced HQ amino acid metabolism. The results indicate that ST increases protein anabolism in young, growing swine by increasing protein synthesis in the HQ and PDV, with no effect on protein degradation. Differing results between the whole body and the HQ and PDV suggest that the effect of ST treatment on protein metabolism is tissue specific.

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Growth Regulators, Animal

Beermann¹

2000

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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The growth of animals can be defined as an increase in mass of whole body, tissue(s), organ(s), or cell(s) with time. Improved understanding of the control of metabolic aspects of growth has provided the opportunity to regulate animal growth. Improvement of rate and efficiency of growth benefits the producer. Improvement in composition of meat animals benefits the producer through more efficient gain and greater value, and benefits the processor through less labor requirement for trimming and removal of fat. The consumer benefits by receiving a quality, desirable food at a cost reflective of efficient production. Four general classes of growth regulators are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in food‐producing animals in the United States. These include naturally occurring and synthetic estrogens and androgens, ie, anabolic steroids; ionophores; antibiotics; and bovine somatotropin. Compounds in the first class, anabolic steroids, act as metabolism modifiers to alter nutrient partitioning toward greater rates of protein synthesis and deposition, thereby increasing the weight at which 25 to 30% lipid content in the body or carcass is achieved. Ionophores have highly selective antibiotic activity and appear to enhance feed conversion efficiency through effects on ruminal microbes. Antibiotics, administered at subtherapeutic doses, enhance growth through improving feed conversion efficiency and/or growth rate, with no consistent effect on body or carcass composition. Two other classes of growth regulators, ie, somatotropin or somatotropin secretogogues, and select synthetic phenethanolamines, have been investigated for the ability to alter growth; no compound in either class has yet been approved by the FDA for use in animals raised for meat. In 1993, the FDA approved administration of recombinant bovine somatotropin for increasing milk production in dairy cows. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Center for Veterinary Medicine thoroughly evaluates the proposed use of any compound, natural or synthetic, used in food‐producing animals for human food safety, safety to the animal of intended use, and safety to the environment.

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Stimulation of Pig Growth Performance by Porcine Growth Hormone: Determination of the Dose-Response Relationship

Cited by 234 publications

References 9 publications

Treatment of underfed pigs with GH throughout the second quarter of pregnancy increases fetal growth

Treatment of underfed pigs with GH throughout the second quarter of pregnancy increases fetal growth

Somatotropin-induced protein anabolism in hindquarters and portal-drained viscera of growing pigs

Growth Regulators, Animal

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