Stimulation of the human motor cortex through the scalp

Rothwell, JC; Thompson, P. D.; Day, B. L.; Boyd, Stewart; Marsden, C. D.

doi:10.1113/expphysiol.1991.sp003485

Cited by 626 publications

(314 citation statements)

References 72 publications

(138 reference statements)

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“…Such an effect was not found after rTMS applied over the PMC (Experiment 2, Figure 3B) whereas only a trend toward suppression was found after rTMS over the primary motor cortex (Experiment 3, Figure 3C). Although the suppression of cortico-spinal excitability following low-rate rTMS of the motor cortex in Experiment 3 is consistent with other observations (Chen et al, 1997;Hallett, 2000;Maeda, Keenan, Tormos, Topka, & PascualLeone, 2000b;Pascual-Leone et al, 1999Rothwell, 1991;Walsh & Cowey, 2000) the lack of similar effects in Experiment 2 (when the rTMS was applied to the PMC) is surprising in light of findings that have shown the presence of a robust decrease of cortico-spinal excitability after 1 Hz rTMS to the PMC (Gerschlager, Siebner, & Rothwell, 2001) when intensities of 90% of motor threshold has been employed (Rizzo et al, 2003). Other studies employing low intensities of stimulation (80% MT) on the same premotor spot have shown small or no modulatory effects on MEP amplitude (Mü nchau, Bloem, Trimble, & Rothwell, 2002).…”

supporting

confidence: 81%

“…rTMS has been shown to be an effective tool in investigating functions of discrete regions of cortex (Hallett, 2000;Pascual-Leone, Batres-Faz, & Keenan, 1999;PascualLeone, Walsh, & Rothwell, 2000;Rothwell, 1991;Walsh & Cowey, 2000;Walsh & Rushworth, 1999). In particular, we used a low-frequency (1 Hz) of rTMS, which is thought to depress the excitability of the stimulated cortex for a short period of time after the completion of the train itself (Chen et al, 1997;Hallett, 2000;PascualLeone, Valls-Sole, Wassermann, & Hallett, 1994;Walsh & Cowey, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Release of premotor activity after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of prefrontal cortex

Gangitano

Mottaghy

Pascual‐Leone

2008

Social Neuroscience

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In the present study we aimed to explore by means of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) the reciprocal influences between prefrontal cortex (PFC) and premotor cortex (PMC). Subjects were asked to observe on a computer monitor different pictures representing manipulations of different kind of tools. They had to produce a movement (go condition) or to keep the resting position (no-go condition) at the appearance of different cue signals represented by different colors shown alternatively on the hands manipulating the tools or on the picture background. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were collected at the offset of the visual stimuli before and after a 10 minute, 1 Hz rTMS train applied to the dorsolateral PFC (Experiment 1), to the PMC (Experiment 2) or to the primary motor cortex (Experiment 3). Following rTMS to the PFC, MEPs increased in the go condition when the cue for the go command was presented on the hand. In contrast, following rTMS to the PMC, in the same condition, MEPs were decreased. rTMS to the primary motor cortex did not produce any modulation. Results are discussed according to the presence of a visual-motor matching system in the PMC and to the role of the PFC in the attention-related processes. We hypothesize that the perceptual analysis for action selection within the PFC was modulated by rTMS and its temporary functional inactivation in turn influenced the premotor areas for motor programming

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supporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Release of premotor activity after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of prefrontal cortex

Gangitano

Mottaghy

Pascual‐Leone

2008

Social Neuroscience

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“…Using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for both conditioning and test stimuli, a physiological inhibiting effect has been described on the evoked motor responses at short (2-3 ms) interstimulus intervals (ISIs) between the conditioning and the test stimuli. At longer intervals (around 10-12 ms), the response to the test stimulus is facilitated by the preceding conditioning stimulus reflecting neuronal hyperexcitability [19,20]. These phenomena of interstimulus interactions have been related to the activation of intracortical neuronal circuits [21,22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motor cortical hyperexcitability in idiopathic scoliosis: could focal dystonia be a subclinical etiological factor?

et al. 2009

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The aetiology of idiopathic scoliosis (IS) remains unknown; however, there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that the spine deformity could be the expression of a subclinical nervous system disorder. A defective sensory input or an anomalous sensorimotor integration may lead to an abnormal postural tone and therefore the development of a spine deformity. Inhibition of the motor cortico-cortical excitability is abnormal in dystonia. Therefore, the study of cortico-cortical inhibition may shed some insight into the dystonia hypothesis regarding the pathophysiology of IS. Paired pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to study corticocortical inhibition and facilitation in nine adolescents with IS, five teenagers with congenital scoliosis (CS) and eight healthy age-matched controls. The effect of a previous conditioning stimulus (80% intensity of resting motor threshold) on the amplitude of the motor-evoked potential induced by the test stimulus (120% of resting motor threshold) was examined at various interstimulus intervals (ISIs) in both abductor pollicis brevis muscles. The results of healthy adolescents and those with CS showed a marked inhibitory effect of the conditioning stimulus on the response to the test stimulus at interstimulus intervals shorter than 6 ms. These findings do not differ from those reported for normal adults. However, children with IS revealed an abnormally reduced cortico-cortical inhibition at the short ISIs. Cortico-cortical inhibition was practically normal on the side of the scoliotic convexity while it was significantly reduced on the side of the scoliotic concavity. In conclusion, these findings support the hypothesis that a dystonic dysfunction underlies in IS. Asymmetrical cortical hyperexcitability may play an important role in the pathogenesis of IS and represents an objective neurophysiological finding that could be used clinically.

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“…Because TMS preferentially activates fast conducting corticospinal tract neurons projecting monosynaptically to the spinal motoneuron pool (28,29), evoked MEPs are likely related to these directly projecting and fast conducting output fibers in lateral and medial areas of the motor cortex. In foot-user S4 with largely preserved hand function, only a single hot spot was identified for the target foot muscle, which was situated over the medial motor cortex (Table S4).…”

Section: Two M1 Foot Representations With Direct Output To Spinal Motormentioning

confidence: 99%

Congenitally altered motor experience alters somatotopic organization of human primary motor cortex

Stoeckel

Seitz

Buetefisch

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Human motor development is thought to result from a complex interaction between genes and experience. The well-known somatotopic organization of the primate primary motor cortex (M1) emerges postnatally. Although adaptive changes in response to learning and use occur throughout life, somatotopy is maintained as reorganization is restricted to modifications within major body part representations. We report of a unique opportunity to evaluate the influence of experience on the genetically determined somatotopic organization of motor cortex in humans. We examined the motor "foot" representation in subjects with congenitally compromised hand function and compensatory skillful foot use. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of M1 revealed that the foot was represented in the classical medial foot area of M1 and was several centimetres away in nonadjacent cortex in the vicinity of the lateral ''hand'' area. Both areas had direct output to the spinal motor neurons innervating foot muscles and were behaviorally relevant because experimental disruption of either area by TMS altered reaction times. We demonstrate a unique, nonsomatotopically organized M1 in humans, which emerged as a function of grossly altered motor behavior from the earliest stages of development. Our results imply that during early motor development experience may play a more critical role in the shaping of genetically determined neural networks than previously assumed.fMRI ͉ motor development ͉ motor plasticity ͉ nonsomatotopic ͉ TMS

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Stimulation of the human motor cortex through the scalp

Cited by 626 publications

References 72 publications

Release of premotor activity after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of prefrontal cortex

Release of premotor activity after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of prefrontal cortex

Motor cortical hyperexcitability in idiopathic scoliosis: could focal dystonia be a subclinical etiological factor?

Congenitally altered motor experience alters somatotopic organization of human primary motor cortex

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