The most favored route of drug administration is oral
administration;
however, several factors, including poor solubility, low bioavailability,
and degradation, in the severe gastrointestinal environment frequently
compromise the effectiveness of drugs taken orally. Bioengineered
polymers have been developed to overcome these difficulties and enhance
the delivery of therapeutic agents. Polymeric nanoparticles, including
carbon dots, fullerenes, and quantum dots, have emerged as crucial
components in this context. They provide a novel way to deliver various
therapeutic materials, including proteins, vaccine antigens, and medications,
precisely to the locations where they are supposed to have an effect.
The promise of this integrated strategy, which combines nanoparticles
with bioengineered polymers, is to address the drawbacks of conventional
oral medication delivery such as poor solubility, low bioavailability,
and early degradation. In recent years, we have seen substantially
increased interest in bioengineered polymers because of their distinctive
qualities, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and flexible
physicochemical characteristics. The different bioengineered polymers,
such as chitosan, alginate, and poly(lactic-co-glycolic
acid), can shield medications or antigens from degradation in unfavorable
conditions and aid in the administration of drugs orally through mucosal
delivery with lower cytotoxicity, thus used in targeted drug delivery.
Future research in this area should focus on optimizing the physicochemical
properties of these polymers to improve their performance as drug
delivery carriers.