Stimulus duration and repetition rate influence newborns' head orientation toward sound

Clarkson, Marsha G.; Clifton, Rachel K.; Swain, Irina U.; Perris, Eve E.

doi:10.1002/dev.420220704

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Audiometric sound stimulation was a tonal sweep with a frequency increasing from 2 to 4 kHz, intensity 90 dB SPL (Electrical Acoustics Constructions, EAC, Milan Mercury) applied 5 cm away from the external auditory meatus. The reasons for choosing this particular auditory stimulus were to prompt more attention to a train of briefly repeated high-energy sounds rather than to a continuous sound of costant energy (16,17). Movement artifacts were seen during the study period, but we ruled out any influence of the consequent sharp spikes on the chromophores by excluding the traces containing the spikes in relation to a cytochrome aa 3 threshold level between 0.2 and Ϫ0.2 (18).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain Auditory Activation Measured by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in Neonates

et al. 2001

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This study presents a new measure of the hemodynamic changes to an auditory stimulus in newborns. Nineteen newborns born at 28-41 wk and aged 1 to 49 d were studied in waking and/or sleeping state, for a median time of 4 min 40 s before, 2 min 40 s during, and 3 min 5 s after an acustic stimulus (tonal sweep of frequency increasing from 2 to 4 kHz, intensity 90 dB SPL) originating 5 cm from the external auditory meatus. The emitter and detector optodes were placed over the left or right temporal region, corresponding to T3 or T4 EEG electrodes. Near-infrared transmission spectroscopy (NIRS) through tissue is made possible by the transparency of biologic tissue to light in the near-infrared region (750 -1000 nm). The noninvasive nature of the technique and the portability of the device, combined with the relative transparency of the neonatal head, explain the early applications of the machine in neonatal intensive care units, to the observation of hemodynamic brain responses. Our study presents a method for applying NIRS to the testing of central auditory response in newborns by using an acustic stimulus, a tonal sweep with a frequency increasing from 2 to 4 KHz. The incident near-infrared light from the transmitting optode is scattered through the tissues, and the reflected light is read by a receiving optode. The amount of the light that a compound absorbs is dependent upon the wavelength of the incident light upon it, and is described by the spectrum of a single compound. Brain absorption of the light is due to the main cerebral chromophores, oxyhemoglobin (HbO 2 ), deoxyhemoglobin (Hb), and oxidized cytochrome oxidase (CtOx) and is determined by the oxygenation status of the compound. Through NIRS we measured the loss of the intensity due to absorption of the incident photons by these solutes; this loss or attenuation is usually measured in units of OD (OD) and can be calculated using the Beer-Lambert law. For an absorbing compound dissolved in a nonabsorbing medium, the attenuation (A) is proportional to the concentration of the compound in the solution (c), the specific extinction coefficient of the compound (␣) and the optical path length (

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain Auditory Activation Measured by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in Neonates

et al. 2001

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“…Furthermore, there is good evidence to suggest that the neonatal orienting to sound does not reflect the same sound localization mechanism observed in adults or older children (Litovsky & Ashmead, ; Muir & Hains, ; Litovsky, ). Neonatal localization abilities appear to be largely limited to left–right hemifield discriminations (Muir et al ., ), and require longer‐duration transients than those necessary for localization in older infants and adults (Clarkson et al ., ). Neonates also lack sensitivity to the precedence effect – an auditory spatial illusion thought to be part of an echo suppression mechanism requiring neurons in the primary auditory cortex (Cranford et al ., ; Fitzpatrick et al ., ; Muir & Hains, ; Mickey & Middlebrooks, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cortical indices of sound localization mature monotonically in early infancy

Slugocki

Trainor

2014

Eur J of Neuroscience

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In human neonates, orienting behavior in response to an off-midline sound source disappears around the first postnatal month, only to re-emerge at ~4 months. To date, it is unclear whether sound localization processes continue to operate between postnatal months 1 and 3. Here, we used an event-related potential, reflecting change detection in the auditory cortices, to measure the cortical responses elicited by large (± 90° relative to midline), infrequent changes in sound source location in 2-, 5-, 8- and 13-month-old infants. Both fast-negative mismatch negativity (MMN) Näätänen et al. (2007) and slow-positive mismatch response (MMR) Trainor et al. (2003) were elicited from all age groups. However, both components were smaller and the fast-negative component occurred later in the 2-month-old group than in older age groups. Additionally, the slow-positive component tended to diminish in amplitude with increasing age, whereas the fast-negative component grew larger and tended to occur earlier with increasing age. These results suggest that the cortical representation of sound location matures similarly to representations of pitch and duration. A subsequent investigation of 2-month-old infants confirmed that the observed MMR and MMN were elicited by changes in sound source location, and were not merely attributable to changes in loudness cues. The presence of both MMR and MMN in the 2-month-old group indicates that the cortex is able to detect changes in sound location despite the behavioral insensitivity observed around 1-3 months of age.

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“…Neonatal ERP responses to sounds are strongly influenced by stimulus parameters: newborns preferentially respond to broadband noise compared to tones (Turkewitz et al, 1972; Werner and Boike, 2001; Kushnerenko et al, 2007), to high compared to low frequency noise (Morrongiello and Clifton, 1984), to tones of longer rather than shorter duration (Clarkson et al, 1989). Acoustic features (such as intensity or spectral complexity) are apparently initially the most salient cues for passive attention and, as a consequence, orienting (Kushnerenko et al, 2007).…”

Section: Development Of Passive Auditory Attention During the First Ymentioning

confidence: 99%

Separating acoustic deviance from novelty during the first year of life: a review of event-related potential evidence

Kushnerenko¹,

Bergh²,

Winkler³

2013

Front. Psychol.

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Orienting to salient events in the environment is a first step in the development of attention in young infants. Electrophysiological studies have indicated that in newborns and young infants, sounds with widely distributed spectral energy, such as noise and various environmental sounds, as well as sounds widely deviating from their context elicit an event-related potential (ERP) similar to the adult P3a response. We discuss how the maturation of event-related potentials parallels the process of the development of passive auditory attention during the first year of life. Behavioral studies have indicated that the neonatal orientation to high-energy stimuli gradually changes to attending to genuine novelty and other significant events by approximately 9 months of age. In accordance with these changes, in newborns, the ERP response to large acoustic deviance is dramatically larger than that to small and moderate deviations. This ERP difference, however, rapidly decreases within first months of life and the differentiation of the ERP response to genuine novelty from that to spectrally rich but repeatedly presented sounds commences during the same period. The relative decrease of the response amplitudes elicited by high-energy stimuli may reflect development of an inhibitory brain network suppressing the processing of uninformative stimuli. Based on data obtained from healthy full-term and pre-term infants as well as from infants at risk for various developmental problems, we suggest that the electrophysiological indices of the processing of acoustic and contextual deviance may be indicative of the functioning of auditory attention, a crucial prerequisite of learning and language development.

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Stimulus duration and repetition rate influence newborns' head orientation toward sound

Cited by 21 publications

References 40 publications

Brain Auditory Activation Measured by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in Neonates

Brain Auditory Activation Measured by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in Neonates

Cortical indices of sound localization mature monotonically in early infancy

Separating acoustic deviance from novelty during the first year of life: a review of event-related potential evidence

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