Stimulus perseveration in a water maze following exposure to controllable and uncontrollable shock

Szostak, Carolyn; Anisman, Hymie

doi:10.1016/s0163-1047(85)91357-3

Cited by 24 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…According to these researchers, a deficit in cognition (e.g., association learningof response-outcomecontingencies) can be assessed only by testing previously stressed and nonstressedsubjects, using a discrimination or responsechoice task, in which the number of reinforced trials is identical for all subjects (Jackson et al, 1980;Maier et al, 1983). We agree with Maier's views, and postulatethatthe observed disruption in shuttlebox perfonnance is primarily the result of motivational and/or emotional alterationthat, in tum, influences a varietyof psychological processes via numerous physiological mechanisms (see Maier& Seligman, 1976;Szostak & Anisman, 1985;Weisset al, 1981;and Williams, 1987a, for further discussion of this issue).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Effects of repeated defeat by a dominant conspecific on subsequent pain sensitivity, open-field activity, and escape learning

Williams

Lierle

1988

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Male rats were tested as intruders for 25 consecutive days in colonies that had either aggressive (i.e., alpha) or nonaggressive conspecific residents. Alpha-defeated intruders, in contrast to nondefeated rats, showed more defensive behavior, less gain in body weight, and received more bites during the course of these sessions. Tail-flick tests, using a heat source, revealed that both groups of intruders showed comparable sensitivity/reactivity to pain, and there was no evidence of analgesia as a function of resident encounters. Immediately after the last intruder session, all subjects were tested for exploratory activity in an open-field apparatus with the odors (i.e., soiled bedding) from the alpha colonies present. Defeated intruders showed significantly less locomotion, in terms of the number of grid crossings, than nondefeated rats. Twenty-four hours later, randomly selected subgroups of defeated and nondefeated subjects were briefly exposed, without being defeated, to aggressive colonies, and all rats were then retested for activity with alpha odors present. Previously defeated intruders were again less active, and the colony-exposure treatment suppressed the activity of defeated, but not nondefeated, subjects. Finally, 24 h after another resident-intruder session, both groups of intruders showed comparable FR 1 escape performance in a shuttlebox with alpha odors present, but the defeated rats failed to learn a subsequent FR 2 escape task. The findings of this experiment are discussed in terms of the concept of "learned helplessness," the effects of ethological stressors, and the authors' stress-coping-fear-defense (SCFD) theory.Numerous investigators have shown that repeated exposure to a laboratory stressor, such as electric shock, produces alterations in behavioral and neurophysiological processes. In mice and rats, experiencing inescapable shock has been shown to interfere with the subsequent acquisition of escape responses (e.g., Anisman, Suissa,

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Effects of repeated defeat by a dominant conspecific on subsequent pain sensitivity, open-field activity, and escape learning

Williams

Lierle

1988

Animal Learning & Behavior

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“…Behavioral Neuroscience tests using stressors other than shock escape, such as the Porsolt forced swim test (and variants of this procedure) and several water-escape tests (UNIT 8.10A; Irwin et al, 1980;Weiss et al, 1981;Szostak and Anisman, 1985). In addition, uncontrollable stressors alter dominance hierarchies and disrupt feeding, consumption of highly palatable solutions, and responding for rewarding brain stimulation.…”

Section: 10c7mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rodent Models of Depression: Learned Helplessness Induced in Mice

Anisman

Merali

2001

CP Neuroscience

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Uncontrollable stressors induce a variety of behavioral disturbances that are in many ways reminiscent of the symptoms that characterize clinical depression. These deficits are evident across a range of species, including mice. Given the increasing focus on genetic techniques involving mice to identify the mechanisms subserving these behavioral disturbances (e.g., recombinant, knockout, and transgenic strains), it is of particular interest to provide a detailed description of the method to induce behavioral deficits in response to uncontrollable stressors. This unit describes the procedure used to assess the effects of controllable and uncontrollable shock on subsequent shock escape performance in mice using an escape-delay procedure.

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“…On presentation of a warning signal, animals readily learn these responses, while otherswhich are not innate defensive reactions -are acquired slowly. Thus, inescapable shock may restrict the responses so that animals adopt those that are high in their repertoire or which had previously eliminated a stressor, even though other strategies would have been more effective (Anisman et ai, 1984;Szostak & Anisman, 1985). Thus, animals may be slow in acquiring response-outcome associations, as suggested by some investigators (Maier & Seligman, 1976), but such an effect is secondary to the development of the perseverative tendency.…”

Section: Behavioural Consequences Of Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depression as a Consequence of Inadequate Neurochemical Adaptation in Response to Stressors

1992

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Stressors induce behavioural disturbances and neurochemical changes in animals, some of which are reminiscent of the symptoms and presumed neurochemical concomitants of depression in humans. Just as in humans, where considerable inter-individual variability is evident in the symptom profile of depression, there is marked inter-individual and inter-strain variability in the behavioural effects of stressors in animals. It is proposed that stressors induce adaptive neurochemical changes, failure of which may engender behavioural disturbances. Variability in the symptoms of depression and in the efficacy of its pharmacological treatment may reflect the biochemical heterogeneity of the illness. Inter-individual differences in vulnerability to stressor-provoked neurochemical changes may contribute to the behavioural profiles observed.

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Stimulus perseveration in a water maze following exposure to controllable and uncontrollable shock

Cited by 24 publications

References 14 publications

Effects of repeated defeat by a dominant conspecific on subsequent pain sensitivity, open-field activity, and escape learning

Effects of repeated defeat by a dominant conspecific on subsequent pain sensitivity, open-field activity, and escape learning

Rodent Models of Depression: Learned Helplessness Induced in Mice

Depression as a Consequence of Inadequate Neurochemical Adaptation in Response to Stressors

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