STM characterisation of a c(2 × 2) reconstruction on Na0.65WO3(100)

Jones, F.H.; Rawlings, K.; Parker, S. C.; Foord, John S.; Cox, P. A.; Egdell, R.G.; Pethica, J. B.

doi:10.1016/0039-6028(95)00513-7

Cited by 16 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…As with other oxides, there are conflicting interpretations of the surface structures. Jones et al found that annealing Na 2/3 WO 3 (1 0 0) at 800 • C produces a stable surface with large terraces and a ( √ 2 × √ 2)R45 • reconstruction similar to that observed on WO 3 (0 0 1) [109]. Two models were proposed for the ( √ 2 × √ 2)R45 • structure on this compound.…”

Section: Bronzes: Metallic Oxides and Charge Density Wavesmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…The first is the half monolayer oxygen adsorbate model proposed for WO 3 (0 0 1), which is driven by the need to reduce surface charge; the second is that of a rumpled WO 2 surface plane. In light of the WO 3 (0 0 1) results, the authors favored the first model [109]. Note that neither model involves Na atoms since the electronic states associated with Na lie many electron volts above the Fermi level, and these atoms are not expected to make a significant contribution to the tunneling current.…”

Section: Bronzes: Metallic Oxides and Charge Density Wavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scanning probe microscopy of oxide surfaces: atomic structure and properties

Bonnell¹,

Garra²

2008

Rep. Prog. Phys.

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The intersection of two fields, oxide surface science and scanning probe microscopy (SPM), has yielded considerable insight on atomic processes at surfaces. Oxide surfaces, especially those containing transition metals, offer a rich variety of structures and localized physical phenomena that are exploited in a wide range of applications. Nonlinear optics, superconductivity, ferroelectricity and chemical catalytic activity are but a few. Furthermore, the challenges and solutions associated with the chemistry of these surfaces and particularly the solutions to these problems have led to important understanding of tip-surface interactions that can inform SPM studies of all materials. Here, the development of understanding of the model systems TiO 2 and SrTiO 3 are considered in detail, to demonstrate the role of nonstoichiometry in surface structure evolution and the approach to interpreting structure at the atomic level. Then a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy, noncontact atomic force microscopy and theory are applied to a variety of oxide systems including Al 2 O 3 , NiO, ferroelectric BaTiO 3 , tungstates and molybdates. Recently developed sophisticated probes of local properties include spin-polarized tunneling, Fourier mapping of charge density waves, band gap mapping of superconductors and ultra fast imaging of atomic diffusion. The impact of these studies on our understanding of the behavior of oxides and of tip-surface interactions is summarized.

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Section: Bronzes: Metallic Oxides and Charge Density Wavesmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Bronzes: Metallic Oxides and Charge Density Wavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scanning probe microscopy of oxide surfaces: atomic structure and properties

Bonnell¹,

Garra²

2008

Rep. Prog. Phys.

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“…The structural disordering, on the contrary, can be reversed only by high-temperature annealing (above -300 ~ These findings are consistent with the hypothesis of electronic defects (colour centers) creation at the freshly generated surfaces during the milling process. The existance of such defects has some support by scanning tunneling microscopy [40,41].…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Color centres and polymorphism in pure WO3 and mixed (1−x)WO3−y·xReO2 powders

Cazzanelli

Mariotto

Vinegoni

et al. 1999

Ionics

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Abstract.The relationship between structural transformations and colour centres creation is discussed for deeply coloured hydrogen tungsten bronzes and for pure WO3 powders, acquiring less intense colour after mechanical treatments of variable duration. A comparative study on coloration is made also for mixed compounds (1-x)WO3.y.xReO 2, where an evidence of a resonance effect for a particular Raman band at 970 cm -1, attributed to the color centres, is observed. Besides, it is found that even moderate milling treatments result in a quite different structural evolution of tungsten trioxide upon cooling.

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“…Some compounds in this class have been imaged and several reconstructions observed. [48][49][50][51][52] Atomic-resolution STM images have been used in analyses of phenomena other than reconstructions in oxides. For example, the effect of electron correlation has been observed directly in an image of a defect in (001) NiO, 28 magnetic ordering has been identified from corrugation amplitudes in iron oxides, 53 and temperature-dependent conductance in uranium oxide (UO 2 ) has been manipulated to produce images.…”

Section: (3) Oxide Surface Structure and Nonstoichiometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Local Structure and Properties of Oxide Surfaces: Scanning Probe Analyses of Ceramics

Bonnell

1998

Journal of the American Ceramic Society

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Scanning probe microscopies, especially scanning tunneling microscopy, were first directed to metal and semiconductor surfaces. Early challenges associated with the low conductivity and ionicity of oxides slowed application to even semiconducting ceramics. Recently, some of these obstacles have been overcome, and probe microscopies have been used to determine the atomic structures, as well as local properties, of many oxide surfaces and interfaces. Approaches to quantifying both tunneling spectroscopy and tunneling images of oxides are presented. Oxide surfaces accommodate nonstoichiometry via reconstruction or surface stabilization of substoichiometric phases. Effects of self-segregation and of impurity segregation on local properties of surfaces are observed directly. Three examples of local properties at interfaces are presented: contact potential at nanoscale metal cluster-oxide interfaces, local electrostatic fields at grain boundaries, and current flow in complex superconducting microstructures.

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STM characterisation of a c(2 × 2) reconstruction on Na0.65WO3(100)

Cited by 16 publications

References 35 publications

Scanning probe microscopy of oxide surfaces: atomic structure and properties

Scanning probe microscopy of oxide surfaces: atomic structure and properties

Color centres and polymorphism in pure WO3 and mixed (1−x)WO3−y·xReO2 powders

Local Structure and Properties of Oxide Surfaces: Scanning Probe Analyses of Ceramics

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