“…To comprehensively verify the effectiveness of DELPSO, we compared it with several state-of-the-art PSO algorithms. Specifically, we selected nine representative and stateof-the-art PSO variants, namely XPSO [59], TCSPSO [61], DNSPSO [28], AWPSO [42], CLPSO_LS [48], HCLPSO [47], DPLPSO [62], SCDLPSO [6], and TLBO-FL [63]. Among these compared algorithms, XPSO, DNSPSO, AWPSO, DPLPSO, SCDLPSO, and TLBO-FL are topology-based PSO variants, while TCSPSO, CLPSO-LS and HCLPSO are constructive learning-based PSO variants.…”