Stone–Wales Defect in Graphene

Abstract

Abstract2D graphene the most investigated structures from nanocarbon family studied in the last three decades. It is projected as an excellent material useful for quantum computing, artificial intelligence, and next generation advanced technologies. Graphene exists in several forms and its extraordinary thermal, mechanical, and electronic properties, principally depend on the kind of perfection of the hexagonal atomic lattice. Defects are always considered as undesired components but certain defects in graphene could be an asset for electrochemistry and quantum electronics due to the engineered electronclouds and quantum tunnelling. The authors carefully discuss the Stone‐Wales imperfections in graphene and its derivatives comprehensively. A specific emphasis is focused on the experimental and theoretical aspects of the Stone‐Wales defects in graphene with respect to structure‐property relationships. The corroboration of extrinsic defects like external atomic doping, functionalization, edge distortion in the graphene consisting of Stone‐Wales imperfections, which are very significant in designing graphene‐based electronic devices, are summarized.

Surface defect healing in annealing from nanoporous carbons to nanoporous graphenes

“…2 Using Raman spectra, XRD, and S BET , we found that the NPC s and NPG s are mainly monolayer graphene with single vacancies 38 and heptagons/pentagons 39,40 such as Stone–Wales (SW) defects. 38,41–44…”

Toward three-dimensionally ordered nanoporous graphene materials: template synthesis, structure, and applications

“…This indicates that these NPGs have both vacancies and grain boundaries since the I D /I D ′ values lie between those of graphene dominantly with vacancies (∼7) and grain boundaries (∼3.5). 112 The shoulder peak at ∼1150 cm −1 in the Raman spectra proves the existence of Stone-Wales (SW) defects, 5,[112][113][114][115] while the small peak at ∼2460 cm −1 can be attributed to the SW + D band.…”

Adsorption and sensor performance of transition metal-decorated zirconium-doped silicon carbide nanotubes for NO2 gas application: a computational insight

“…The mean square displacement (MSD) was employed to determine the bond strength and restoring forces of the nanotubes, wherein high restoring forces are associated with a low MSD, and then decrease in atomic mobility. 81 Additionally, a strong and rm bond are attributes of a lower MSD and atom mobility. The small MSD values observed across the systems indicate that the adsorption of NO 2 gas will force the structure to deform over time.…”