Stop Breast Cancer Now! Imagining Imaging Pathways Toward Search, Destroy, Cure, and Watchful Waiting of Premetastasis Breast Cancer

Gordon, Richard

doi:10.1007/978-1-84996-314-5_10

Cited by 8 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 378 publications

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“…Here we take the opposite approach and make use of the width of the focal spot to increase resolution ( Figure 6). Foxels were independently proposed by us [2,7,171] and at about the same time by other groups, who called them "subfocal spots" [172] and "source-lets" [94]. They offer a real space approach to deconvolution of the focal spot [173][174][175][176] with the attendant flexibility of iterative algorithms, without making any approximations [177,178] to the usually complex structure of a focal spot (Figure 7).…”

Section: Ct Referencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…While the trapezoidal "footprint" or shadow of each voxel being reconstructed can be calculated [201], rotation of the voxels so they cast a rectangular footprint in each projection direction has been found to improve the image [202]. This notion of a manipulable voxel is related to pointillism [2]. Focal spots have been divided into many "segments" where "each segment carries a certain intensity weight" for a ray tracing analysis of the effects of focal spot shape on resolution [203], but this was not used for deconvolution.…”

Section: Ct Referencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…We use the MART algorithm (Multiplicative Algebraic Reconstruction Technique) [2,180,181,215] which is a well characterized [216][217][218][219][220][221][222][223][224][225] nonlinear (non-Kaczmarz [2,226]) iterative algorithm, not the best possible, but a good standard for comparison. Two desirable characteristics are: a) if MART is started from nonnegative voxel values, all voxels remain nonnegative as the calculation proceeds; b) where the x-rays have only traversed air, MART generates zero values for those voxels, and thus confines the reconstruction of the data to remain within the convex hull [221,[227][228][229][230] of the body.…”

Section: Choice Of Ct Algorithmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first experimental CT (computed tomography) scanner used a single 1/3 mm x 2.5 cm detector [1,2], while the first commercial CT scanner a decade later produced images of 80x80 pixels across the head [3] with two 1 mm x 1 cm detectors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Foxels for high flux, high resolution computed tomography (foxelct) Using broad x-ray focal spots

Alvare¹,

Gordon²

2017

Radiol Diagn Imaging

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Purpose: In general, there is a reciprocal relationship between the width and flux from an x-ray focal spot (corresponding to spatial resolution and photon noise), so that large focal spots are eschewed in computed tomography (CT) and projection and CT mammography. We wish to overcome this limitation. The goal of foxel based computed tomography (FoxelCT) is to achieve spatial resolution limited by the detector pixel size rather than the focal spot size, and therefore permit the use of much smaller detector pixels and/or larger focal spots in clinical CT. Methods:Rather than using the standard approach of treating the x-ray source as a point, we digitally represent the focal spot as an emission picture consisting of pixels we call foxels (FOcal spot piXELS). Intersections of foxel rays with reconstruction voxels are approximated using the Wu antialiasing line drawing algorithm. All foxel rays in the x-ray light field impinging on a given detector pixel are, in effect, lumped together into a single "passage" or compound ray sum. In this introductory paper noise and other effects that degrade CT are not considered allowing us to demonstrate the upper bound of improvement afforded by the geometry of foxels. The FoxelCT algorithm is a generalization of MART (Multiplicative ART). Results:We show, by simulating a fan beam body scanner configuration, that the loss in resolution versus focal spot size is much slower using foxels compared to the loss when representing the focal spot as a point source. For any given focal spot size, approximating it as a point is always worse than using foxels and furthermore introduces anatomical distortions.Conclusions: Foxels permit the use of larger focal spots and thus greater x-ray photon flux with little loss of resolution. Future scanners could take advantage of foxels to increase the ratio of focal spot size to detector pixel size, via bigger focal spots and/or smaller detector pixels. Existing scanners could be immediately enhanced in image quality via incorporation of foxels in their software. Foxels are applicable to any form of radiological imaging that uses focal spots of finite width, including multisource scanners.

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Section: Ct Referencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ct Referencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Choice Of Ct Algorithmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Foxels for high flux, high resolution computed tomography (foxelct) Using broad x-ray focal spots

Alvare¹,

Gordon²

2017

Radiol Diagn Imaging

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“…Although these algorithms are considered as the most precise DOT algorithms, they do not allow reliable resolution of objects smaller than 4 mm. Just this fact causes the doubt in the potential possibility of using DOT for cancer diagnostics at the very early stages of the tumour development, since only the cancer tumours smaller than 2-4 mm have real possibility to be noninvasive [158]. Moreover, the multistep algorithms take tens of minutes or even hours to get a 3D image, which is also not quite satisfactory for modern requirements of medical diagnostics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diffuse optical mammotomography: state-of-the-art and prospects

Konovalov

Genina

Bashkatov

2016

JBPE

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Abstract:The principles of diffuse optical tomography (DOT) of tissues are presented. The DOT capabilities as a method of breast cancer diagnostics are analysed. The state-ofthe-art of the DOT instrumentation and methodological base in application to solving the mammography problems are described. The significant contribution of Russian scientists to the development of the DOT methodology is emphasised. Basing on the results of the analysis, the authors expect the possibility of soonest entry of diffuse optical mammotomographs to the market of medical imaging instrumentation, and the capability of Russian researchers to take part in the competition for this market. © 2016 Journal of Biomedical Photonics & Engineering.Key words: diffuse optical tomography, breast, optical and functional parameters, methods of determining optical parameters, methods of image reconstruction, perturbation model of reconstruction, temporal point spread function, spatial resolution, reconstruction time. University Press, Cambridge (2016). 7. S. R. Arridge, and M. Schweiger, "Inverse methods for optical tomography," in Information Processing in Medical Imaging, H.H. Barrett (ed.), Springer-Verlag, Flagstaff, 259-277 (1993). 8. J. C. Hebden, S. R. Arridge, and D. T. Delpy, "Optical imaging in medicine: I. Experimental techniques,"Phys. Med. Biol. 42, 825-840 (1997). 9. S. R. Arridge, and J. C. Hebden, "Optical imaging in medicine: II. Modelling and reconstruction," Phys. Med. Biol. 42, 841-853 (1997). 10. B. B. Das, F. Liu, and R. R. Alfano, "Time-resolved fluorescence and photon migration studies in biomedical and random media," Rep. Prog. Phys. 60, 227-292 (1997). 11. K. Michielsen, H. De'Raedt, J. Przeslawski, and N. Garcia, "Computer simulation of time-resolved optical imaging of objects hidden in turbid media," Phys. Rep. 304, 89-144 (1998). 12. S. R. Arridge, "Optical tomography in medical imaging," Inverse Problems 15, R41-R93 (1999). Darzi, "Diffuse optical imaging of the healthy and diseased breast: a systematic review," Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 108, 9-22 (2008). 19. S. L. Jacques, and B. W. Pogue, "Tutorial on diffuse light transport," J. Biomed. Opt. 13, 041302 (2008 Biol. 361, 171-179 (1994). 31. A. Yodh, and B. Chance, "Spectroscopy and imaging with diffusing light," Phys. Today 48, 34-40 (1995). 32. J. C. Hebden, S. R. Arridge, "Imaging through scattering media by the use of an analytical model of perturbation amplitudes in the time domain," Appl. Opt. 35, 6788-6796 (1996). 33. K. D. Paulsen, and H. Jiang, "Enhanced frequency-domain optical image reconstruction in tissues through total-variation minimization," Appl. Opt. 35, 3447-3458 (1996). 34. R. J. Grable, "Optical tomography improves mammography," Laser Focus World 32, 113-118 (1996). 35. V. V. Lyubimov, "The physical foundation of the strongly scattering media laser tomography," Proc. SPIE 2769SPIE , 107-110 (1996. 36. V. V. Lyubimov, "Optical tomography of highly scattering media by using the first transmitted photons of ultrashort pulses," Optics a...

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Epilogue: The Diseased Breast Lobe in the Context of X-Chromosome Inactivation and Differentiation Waves

Gordon

2010

Breast Cancer

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Stop Breast Cancer Now! Imagining Imaging Pathways Toward Search, Destroy, Cure, and Watchful Waiting of Premetastasis Breast Cancer

Cited by 8 publications

References 378 publications

Foxels for high flux, high resolution computed tomography (foxelct) Using broad x-ray focal spots

Foxels for high flux, high resolution computed tomography (foxelct) Using broad x-ray focal spots

Diffuse optical mammotomography: state-of-the-art and prospects

Epilogue: The Diseased Breast Lobe in the Context of X-Chromosome Inactivation and Differentiation Waves

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