Strain induced bandgap and refractive index variation of silicon

Cai, Jian; Ishikawa, Yasuhiko; Wada, Kazumi

doi:10.1364/oe.21.007162

Cited by 42 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Effective area = A eff + a eff (ɛ), (14) where, A eff is the large constant and a eff (ɛ) is the strain dependent part of the effective area of the optical fiber. From now on, all of the exhibited figures are for the variable part of the Equation (13) and Equation (14).…”

Section: Simulation Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strain Effect Study on Mode Field Diameter and Effective Area of WII Type Single Mode Optical Fiber

Makouei

2016

AEM

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In this article, the effect of strain on mode field diameter (MFD) and effective area (A eff ) in a modern multilayer WII type single mode optical fiber is investigated. The modal analysis of the fiber structure is based on linear polarized (LP) approximation method. The simulation results depict that both mode field diameter and effective area grow as a result of increment in tensile strain. The overall effect is observed in a slight rise in quality factor (Q f ) of the fiber. Likewise, enlargement in amplitude of compressive strain leads to decrement in MFD and A eff . However, among the optical and geometrical parameters of the fiber structure, Δ has the most considerable impact on both MFD and A eff variation whilst R 1 shows the least effect. In other words, any shift in the value allocated to Δ results in substantial change in the MFD and A eff alteration due to strain. To eliminate this effect, the higher amounts for Δ are preferable which is related to the layering structure of the WII type optical fiber.

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Section: Simulation Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Getting exposed to strain, the bandgap shift of silica causes the change in the absorption coefficients and affects the refractive index of it. Therefore, the strain-induced bandgap change is related to the changes of the refractive index [14].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strain Effect Study on Mode Field Diameter and Effective Area of WII Type Single Mode Optical Fiber

Makouei

2016

AEM

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“…The variation in the absorption coefficient affects the refractive index of silica. Therefore, the strain-induced bandgap change is related to the changes of the refractive index [4]. Generally, the change in refractive index is deduced to be [5]…”

Section: Mathematical Formulation and Design Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second challenge is the undesirable induced strain due to holders and staples in the small radius installations. The transmission characteristics of the designed bend insensitive optical fiber must be resistant to the refractive index profile variations made by the external applied strain [4,5]. The next challenge is compatibility with the standard singlemode fibers (SMFs) installed in the telecommunication industry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strain and Curvature Stability Enhanced SMF Introduction

Makouei

2017

AEM

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In this paper, the strain insensitive single-mode optical fiber with low nonlinear effects and ultra low bending loss (BL), appropriate for small curvature radius installation, is presented. The suggested design method is based on electrical field distribution Gaussian assumption in the core region which evaluates the refractive index profile considering proper mode field diameter (MFD) value. Then, so as to attain the enhanced bending loss and strain stability response for the optical fiber, the optimization tool of the evolutionary genetic algorithm (GA) is employed to determine the optical and geometrical parameters of the structure. In the first designed fiber, the calculations for BL, MFD, effective area (A eff ), and effective refractive index sensitivity to strain(dn eff /dε) in the well-known wavelength of 1.55 µm are 0.0018 dB per each turn of 5 mm curvature radius, 8.53 µm, 58 µm 2 , and -4.5 × 10 -8 µɛ -1 , respectively. Furthermore, the effect of placing raised outer cladding in the fiber structure is investigated which exhibits the MFD of 8.63 µm, the bending loss of 0.0093 dB for single turn of 5 mm radius, and the A eff of 87 µm 2 at 1.55 µm. In this case the strain sensitivity of n eff is reached to -6.7 × 10 -8 µɛ -1 . The mentioned effective area is magnificently large in the domain of bend insensitive fibers. In the meantime, the designed structures are insensitive to strain which is a crucial feature in applications with small curvature radius.

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“…The stress tuning concept was applied in the three-dimensional microelectro-mechanical systems (MEMS)-based beam structures and the bandgap shifts from applying stress were detected by the photoluminescence peak shifts [14][15][16][17][18]. To apply the concept to expand the range of the operation wavelength in terms of external stress, Ge waveguides are designed to be implemented on a Si waveguide on the Si beam.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Tuning of Transmission Wavelength of MEMS-Based Ge Waveguides on a Si Beam

et al. 2016

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Three-dimensional structures of microelectro-mechanical systems (MEMS)-based Ge waveguide on a Si beam were fabricated for dynamic tuning of the fundamental absorption edge of Ge by external stressing. The application of various amounts of external forces up to 1 GPa onto the Si beam shows clear red-shifts in the absorption edge of Ge waveguides on the Si beam by~40 nm. This shift was reproduced by the deformation potential theory, considering that mode of propagation in the Ge waveguide. The wavelength tuning range obtained makes it possible to cover the whole C-band of optical communication, indicating it to be a promising approach to electro-absorption Ge modulators to get them to work with a broader wavelength range than previously reported.

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Strain induced bandgap and refractive index variation of silicon

Cited by 42 publications

References 20 publications

Strain Effect Study on Mode Field Diameter and Effective Area of WII Type Single Mode Optical Fiber

Strain Effect Study on Mode Field Diameter and Effective Area of WII Type Single Mode Optical Fiber

Strain and Curvature Stability Enhanced SMF Introduction

Dynamic Tuning of Transmission Wavelength of MEMS-Based Ge Waveguides on a Si Beam

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