Strategies for Chemical Control of Root-knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Established Vineyards

Abstract

Grapevine root growth was measured for vertical and horizontal distribution as well as seasonal growth periods. The persistance of aldicarb and fenamiphos in the soil as well as in leaves and fruit of grapevines was monitored over a prolonged period to establish behaviour patterns which inflnence chemical control strategies. Most roots occurred within 600 mm from the trunk, both vertically and horizontally. Two periods of root development occurred annually. Accordingly applications of nematicides should be made in a band covering 600 mm on both sides of the vine trunk, either after harvest and/or during budburst. Results on residues of aldicarb and fenamiphos stress the importance of adequate water supply after application. Both nematicides will reach the bulk of the roots if correctly placed and were still detected after 42 days and 70 days respectively. Applications during spring with aldicarb and fenamiphos at the dosages used will have no effect on the fermentation of grape musts nor result in toxic residues exceeding 0,05 mg/kg in the grapes.

Chemical control of <i>Meloidogyne spp.</i> in grapevines (<i>Vitis vinifera</i>)

“…Since these fields were drip irrigated, the water supplied may be adjusted to the product and crop requirement more easily. The application was done simulating an injection in the drip irrigation system, which should be appropriated, since it is known that most of the grapevine roots occurred widen the 60 cm from the trunk, both vertically and horizontally (McKenry, 1984;Loubser and Meyer, 1986) and in addition, it is the place where nematode populations are highest, which corresponds with along the vine rows (Quader et al, 2001;Addison and Fourie, 2008;Essling, 2010;Chang, 2014). It is known that root-knot nematode larvae usually penetrate near the root tip (Loubser and Meyer, 1986).…”

“…The application was done simulating an injection in the drip irrigation system, which should be appropriated, since it is known that most of the grapevine roots occurred widen the 60 cm from the trunk, both vertically and horizontally (McKenry, 1984;Loubser and Meyer, 1986) and in addition, it is the place where nematode populations are highest, which corresponds with along the vine rows (Quader et al, 2001;Addison and Fourie, 2008;Essling, 2010;Chang, 2014). It is known that root-knot nematode larvae usually penetrate near the root tip (Loubser and Meyer, 1986). Depending on the ecological conditions, new root growth in grapevines normally occurs at bud burst, and after harvest (Pratt, 1974;Freeman and Smart, 1976;Conradie, 1980;Mckenry, 1984;Loubser and Meyer, 1986).…”

“…It is known that root-knot nematode larvae usually penetrate near the root tip (Loubser and Meyer, 1986). Depending on the ecological conditions, new root growth in grapevines normally occurs at bud burst, and after harvest (Pratt, 1974;Freeman and Smart, 1976;Conradie, 1980;Mckenry, 1984;Loubser and Meyer, 1986). Treatment application was done in July and August, then at the right time, when rooting more likely was occurring.…”

“…Several pest management techniques including resistant rootstocks (McKenry and Anwar 2006;Gutiérrez et al, 2011;Ferris et al, 2012), plant extracts and bioagents (Mervat et al, 2012), organic matter to complement plant nutrition and promote biological control agents (Adb-El-Khair et al, 2009;Australian Wine Research Institute, 2010), cover crop management inside vineyards ( Quader et al, 2001;Addison and Fourie, 2008;Kruger et. al., 2015) to reduce pest dispersal, and chemical control (Rajendan and Naganathan 1978;Loubser and Meyer, 1986;Australian Wine Research Institute, 2010) have been tested with varying degrees of success. Application of insecticide-nematicides have been an important component and showed promise as alternatives for integrated grape pest management.…”