Strategies for the Analysis of Graphite Electrode Function

Andersen, Henrik L.; Djuandhi, Lisa; Mittal, Uttam; Sharma, Neeraj

doi:10.1002/aenm.202102693

Cited by 77 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 164 publications

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“…Organic species such as RCOOH (along with CÀ H, CÀ C, and CÀ OH groups) are flexible to maintain electrode stability. [19] Inorganic species such as Li 2 CO 3 and LiF function as fast Li + conductors. Comparatively, the Gr electrode working at room temperature displayed the highest component of Li 2 CO 3 in C1s spectra (Figure 3d).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergy of Weakly‐Solvated Electrolyte and Optimized Interphase Enables Graphite Anode Charge at Low Temperature

et al. 2022

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Graphite anode suffers from great capacity loss and even fails to charge (i.e. Li + -intercalation) under low temperature, mainly arising from the large overpotential including sluggish de-solvation process and insufficient ions movement in the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Herein, an electrolyte is developed by utilizing weakly solvated molecule ethyl trifluoroacetate and film-forming fluoroethylene carbonate to achieve smooth de-solvation and high ionic conductivity at low temperature. Evolution of SEI formed at different temperatures is further investigated to propose an effective room-temperature SEI formation strategy for low-temperature operations. The synergetic effect of tamed electrolyte and optimized SEI enables graphite with a reversible charge/discharge capacity of 183 mAh g À 1 at À 30 °C and fast-charging up to 6C-rate at room temperature. Moreover, graphite j j LiFePO 4 full cell maintains a capacity retention of 78 % at À 30 °C, and 37 % even at a super-low temperature of À 60 °C. This work offers a progressive insight towards fastcharging and low-temperature batteries.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergy of Weakly‐Solvated Electrolyte and Optimized Interphase Enables Graphite Anode Charge at Low Temperature

et al. 2022

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“…Graphitic carbon has effectively been the uncontested anode material of choice in LIBs for more than 30 years [8,9], but the implementation of graphite anodes into SIBs has so far been unsuccessful [10]. It is incorrectly assumed that there is an inherent incompatibility between the graphite interlayer distance and the Na + -ionic radius, which prevents Na + intercalation into graphite [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and function of hard carbon negative electrodes for sodium-ion batteries

et al. 2022

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Practical utilisation of renewable energy from intermittent sustainable sources such as solar and wind relies on safe, reliable, cost-effective, and high-capacity energy storage systems to be incorporated in the grid. Among the most promising technologies aimed towards this application are sodium-ion batteries. Currently, hard carbon is the leading negative electrode material for sodium-ion batteries given its relatively good electrochemical performance and low cost. Furthermore, hard carbon can be produced from a diverse range of readily available waste and renewable biomass sources making this an ideal material for the circular economy. In facilitating future developments on the use of hard carbon-based electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries, this review curates several analytical techniques that have been useful in providing structure-property insight and stresses the need for overall assessment to be based on a combination of complementary techniques. It also emphasises several key challenges in the characterisation of hard carbons and how various in situ and operando techniques can help unravel those challenges by providing us with a better understanding of these systems during operation thereby allowing us to design high-performance hard carbon materials for next-generation batteries.

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“…Graphite is unbeaten the most suitable anode material and almost denominates the whole anode market at present, due to its merits of high electric conductivity, low working voltage, and suitable theoretical capacity 6,7 . During the discharging process, Li‐ion intercalates into the layered graphite to form Li x C 6 (0≤ x ≤1) compounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4,5 Graphite is unbeaten the most suitable anode material and almost denominates the whole anode market at present, due to its merits of high electric conductivity, low working voltage, and suitable theoretical capacity. 6,7 During the discharging process, Li-ion intercalates into the layered graphite to form Li x C 6 (0≤ x ≤1) compounds. Meanwhile, electrolyte would decompose and a solid electrolyte interface is generated on the surface of the graphite, serving as a passive protective layer.…”

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confidence: 99%

Ultra‐fast, low‐cost, and green regeneration of graphite anode using flash joule heating method

Dong

Song

Yao

et al. 2022

EcoMat

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Graphite is the state-of-the-art anode material for most commercial lithiumion batteries. Currently, graphite in the spent batteries is generally directly burned, which caused not only CO 2 emission but also a waste of precious carbon resources. In this study, we regenerate graphite in lithium-ion batteries at the end of life with excellent electrochemical properties using the fast, efficient, and green Flash Joule Heating method (FJH). Through our own developed equipment, under constant pressure and air atmosphere, graphite is rapidly regenerated in 0.1 s without pollutants emission. We perform a detailed analysis of graphite material before and after recovery by multiple means of characterization and find that the regenerated graphite displays electrochemical properties nearly the same as new graphite. FJH provides a large current for defect repair and crystal structure reconstruction in graphite, as well as allowing the SEI coating to be removed during ultra-fast annealing. The electric field guide the conductive agent and binder pyrolysis products to form conductive sheet graphene and curly graphene covering the graphite surface, making the recycled graphite even better than new commercial graphite in terms of electrical conductivity. Regenerated graphite has excellent multiplier performance and cycle performance (350 mAh g À1 at 1 C with a capacity retention of 99% after 500 cycles). At cost, we get recycled graphite that displays the same performance as new graphite, costing just 77 CNY per ton. This FJH method is not only universal for the regeneration of spent graphite generated by various devices but also enables multiple use-failure-regeneration steps of graphite, showing great potential for commercial applications.

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Strategies for the Analysis of Graphite Electrode Function

Abstract: The/indicates the position of the intercalation layer; b) Isotropic atomic displacement parameter; c) Site occupation fraction; d) Cell parameters and B iso calculated from 2H phase; e) Site occupation fraction fixed to indicated stoichiometry. (?) Errors not reported.

Cited by 77 publications

References 164 publications

Synergy of Weakly‐Solvated Electrolyte and Optimized Interphase Enables Graphite Anode Charge at Low Temperature

Synergy of Weakly‐Solvated Electrolyte and Optimized Interphase Enables Graphite Anode Charge at Low Temperature

Structure and function of hard carbon negative electrodes for sodium-ion batteries

Ultra‐fast, low‐cost, and green regeneration of graphite anode using flash joule heating method

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