Strategy difficulty effects in young and older adults' episodic memory are modulated by inter-stimulus intervals and executive control processes

Burger, Lucile; Uittenhove, Kim; Lemaire, Patrick; Taconnat, Laurence

doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.02.003

Cited by 22 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Indeed, several studies have linked executive control functions, including inhibition, to episodic memory (Lee et al, 2012). Moreover, previous research has demonstrated that use of memory strategies and efficiency of memory strategy execution change during aging (Tournier & Postal, 2011), and it has been hypothesized that reduced efficiency in using memory strategies is dependent on executive functions (Burger, Uittenhove, Lemaire, & Taconnat, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proactive interference in working memory is related to adult age and cognitive factors: cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence from the Betula study

Samrani

Persson

2020

Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition

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In working memory (WM), successful maintenance of information is affected by interference. Older adults may be especially susceptible to the effects of interference, which may cause age-related cognitive impairments. A relative score of IC was derived from crosssectional (n = 869) and longitudinal (n = 443) data to investigate (1) if IC is reduced in normal aging, (2) if individual differences in IC related to individual performance in other cognitive domains, and (3) if 5-year change in IC is related to change in general cognition. Older age was associated with reduced IC, but no decline in IC occurred over 5 years. Also, the ability to control interference in WM was related to performance in episodic memory, verbal fluency, and block design. We also found that IC mediates the relationship between age and cognition, suggesting that age-related cognitive decline is linked to IC. Finally, we demonstrate that change in IC was related to decline in episodic memory.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proactive interference in working memory is related to adult age and cognitive factors: cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence from the Betula study

Samrani

Persson

2020

Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition

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“…A simple mediation analysis was conducted on concrete versus abstract words separately. 1 Using the PROCESS macro for IBM SPSS (10,000 bootstrapped resamples; Model 4 [37]), we regressed recall performance for concrete (abstract) words on group condition (dummy coded: 0 = control and 1 = threat) and entered the use of imagery strategy for concrete (abstract) words as the mediator. As can be seen in Figure 1, for both types of words, participants in the threat group used the imagery strategy less often than those in the control group ( a = –37.32 for concrete words; a = –27.68 for abstract words), and the more participants used the imagery strategy, the better they recalled the words ( b = 0.19 for concrete words; b = 0.21 for abstract words).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because stereotype threat taxes working memory, this leaves fewer resources available to select and execute strategies, like imagery, that are known to place heavier demands on executive control resources than easier strategies, like repetition, especially in older adults [38]. As a consequence, older participants used the most demanding imagery strategy less often and executed it less efficiently under stereotype threat conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Negative Aging Stereotypes Disrupt both the Selection and Execution of Strategies in Older Adults

Lemaire¹,

Brun²,

Régner³

2018

Gerontology

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Background: Age-based cognitive deficits are exacerbated by stereotype threat effects (i.e., the threat of being judged as cognitively incapable due to aging). We tested whether age-based stereotype threat effects can occur via impair- ing older adults’ ability to select the best strategy and/or to execute strategies efficiently. Methods: Older adults (age range: 64.3–89.5 years) were randomly assigned to a stereotype threat or control condition before taking an episodic memory task. They encoded pairs of concrete words and of abstract words, with either a repetition or an imagery strategy, and then took a cued-recall task. Whereas participants in experiment 1 could choose between these two strategies, those of experiment 2 were forced to use either the repetition or the imagery strategy. Results: Our findings showed that age-based stereotype threat disrupts both the selection and execution of the most efficient, but also most resource-demanding, imagery strategy, and that these stereotype threat effects were stronger on concrete words. Conclusion: Our findings have important implications to further understand age-based (and other) stereotype threat effects, and how noncognitive factors modulate age-related changes in human cognition.

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“…Lemaire and Reder (1999) defined strategy as “a procedure or a set of procedures for achieving a higher level goal or task”. Burger, Uittenhove, Lemaire, and Taconnat (2017) argue that efficient execution of strategies is crucial to memory performance and to observing age-related differences. Some studies have stated that young people use more strategies, more spontaneously and more often than older people (Cheke, 2016; Fabricio & Yassuda, 2011).…”

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confidence: 99%

Executive Control on Memory Test Performance across Life: Test of Memory Strategies

et al. 2019

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The ability to generate memory strategies is a key factor in performance of episodic memory tests. There is evidence about the inefficient use of memory strategies in old adults. However, a question remains unresolved: Worse performance on memory test in the older people is due to an inability to mobilize cognitive strategies or to an episodic memory deficit? In this study we tried to answer it by using the Test of Memory Strategies (TMS), which parametrically reduces the need of executive functions on memory tests. The test consists of five experimental conditions (TMS1–5) where a progressive external organization of the material reduces the need to mobilize memory strategies. TMS was applied to a sample of 180 participants (n = 180) divided into three age groups (25–45; 46–65; 66–85). The results showed an increased performance in all groups groups (F(2, 177) = 14.79, p < .001) across conditions (F(3.88,674.04) = 292.48, p < .001), without group differences in those conditions with a maximum reduction of the need of executive functions (F(7.61,674.04) = 1.95, p = .053). However, middle age and older adults showed more difficulties in establishing cognitive strategies, in the initial conditions. These results lead to the conclusion that the typical pattern of low performance on episodic memory tasks in the older population may be due to the deterioration of executive functions and not mainly to a primary decline of memory process.

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Strategy difficulty effects in young and older adults' episodic memory are modulated by inter-stimulus intervals and executive control processes

Cited by 22 publications

References 61 publications

Proactive interference in working memory is related to adult age and cognitive factors: cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence from the Betula study

Proactive interference in working memory is related to adult age and cognitive factors: cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence from the Betula study

Negative Aging Stereotypes Disrupt both the Selection and Execution of Strategies in Older Adults

Executive Control on Memory Test Performance across Life: Test of Memory Strategies

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