Strategy for identification of new psychoactive substances in illicit samples using attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy

Pioruńska-Sędłak, K.; Stypulkowska, K.

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110262

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…On‐site alternative methods are based on the use of handheld spectroscopic techniques such as attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform‐infrared (ATR‐FTIR), 18 near‐infrared (NIR) 19 and Raman spectroscopy 20 . These methods are also commonly used by law enforcement agencies due to the rapid and nondestructive nature of the sampling method 21 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…14 In an attempt to overcome these issues, Yen et al developed a colorimetric sensor based on carbon dots functionalized paper for the sensitive and selective detection of 4-chloroethcathinone and analogues, 16 while Luo et al reported a multimodule split aptamer construct for the naked-eye detection of methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). 17 On-site alternative methods are based on the use of handheld spectroscopic techniques such as attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform-infrared (ATR-FTIR), 18 near-infrared (NIR) 19 and Raman spectroscopy. 20 These methods are also commonly used by law enforcement agencies due to the rapid and nondestructive nature of the sampling method.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Electrochemical profiling and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry characterization of synthetic cathinones: From methodology to detection in forensic samples

Schram

Parrilla

Sleegers

et al. 2021

Drug Testing and Analysis

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The emergence of new psychoactive drugs in the market demands rapid and accurate tools for the on‐site classification of illegal and legal compounds with similar structures. Herein, a novel method for the classification of synthetic cathinones (SCs) is presented based on their electrochemical profile. First, the electrochemical profile of five common SC (i.e., mephedrone, ethcathinone, methylone, butylone, and 4‐chloro‐alpha‐pyrrolidinovalerophenone) is collected to build calibration curves using square wave voltammetry on graphite screen‐printed electrodes (SPEs). Second, the elucidation of the oxidation pathways, obtained by liquid chromatography–high‐resolution mass spectrometry, allows the pairing of the oxidation products to the SC electrochemical profile, providing a selective and robust classification. Additionally, the effect of common adulterants and illicit drugs on the electrochemical profile of the SC is explored. Interestingly, a cathodic pretreatment of the SPE allows the selective detection of each SC in presence of electroactive adulterants. Finally, the electrochemical approach is validated with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry by analyzing 26 confiscated samples from seizures and illegal webshops. Overall, the electrochemical method exhibits a successful classification of SC including structural derivatives, a crucial attribute in an ever‐diversifying drug market.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical profiling and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry characterization of synthetic cathinones: From methodology to detection in forensic samples

Schram

Parrilla

Sleegers

et al. 2021

Drug Testing and Analysis

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show abstract

“…Particularly, the use of ATR accessories, which enables the direct analysis of solids and liquids (Pereira et al, 2017), without the need of extensive sample preparation and requiring small amount of sample, resulting in faster analyses (Bunaciu & Aboul‐Enein, 2021;Eliaerts et al, 2017; Piorunska‐Sedlak & Stypulkowska, 2020). ATR‐FTIR can also provide good reproducibility, enabling the search of a sample's spectra in the instrumental library, without requiring certified reference standards (Eliaerts et al, 2017; Piorunska‐Sedlak & Stypulkowska, 2020). There is also portable FTIR spectrometers offering fast and nondestructive analyses (Guirguis et al, 2017; Schram et al, 2021).…”

Section: Ir and Raman Spectroscopiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, instrumental libraries need to be created and updated for implementing the method in routine analyses (Jurásek et al, 2019). XRD was recently reported in the analysis of several synthetic cathinones, as a single technique or in combination with other techniques, the later especially for unknown samples (Jurásek et al, 2019; Kuś et al, 2019; Maheux et al, 2016; Nycz et al, 2011; Piorunska‐Sedlak & Stypulkowska, 2020). For example, XRD was reported in the determination of two polymorphs of ethylone (Maheux et al, 2016).…”

Section: Emerging Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of synthetic cathinones in seized materials: A review of analytical strategies applied in forensic chemistry

Campos

Krotulski

Martinis

et al. 2022

WIREs Forensic Science

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Synthetic cathinones are a class of novel psychoactive substances, commonly tested in seized materials by forensic chemistry laboratories. These drugs have been found in different types of seized materials including powders, tablets, liquids, herbs, and blotters. A comprehensive review of the literature shows that the analyses of synthetic cathinones have been performed by a diverse repertoire of techniques, from more traditional to emerging methods. Techniques commonly used in the analysis of "traditional" illicit drugs, such as color and microcrystalline tests, chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, mass spectrometry (MS), and infrared (IR), and Raman spectroscopies, have been used for screening and/or confirmatory purposes, depending on the technique and laboratories preference. However, other emerging techniques, such as nuclear magnetic resonance, high-resolution MS, direct analysis in real-time MS, gas chromatography with IR detection, and so on, have been drawing the attention of forensic scientists due to the advantages of these techniques in providing important structural data. It is important to consider that each technique presents analytical benefits and limitations, which should be considered when analyzing synthetic cathinones in seized materials. Furthermore, the combination of more than one analytical technique is always recommended, especially when an unknown synthetic cathinone is suspected and/or encountered in the sample.

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“…The most commonly used methods for NPS identification are gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and Raman spectroscopy [9][10][11][12]. The hyphenated methods of GC-MS and LC-MS are current gold standard techniques, however are difficult to distinguish certain positional isomers [13,14].…”

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confidence: 99%

Discrimination of phenethylamine regioisomers and structural analogues by Raman spectroscopy

Liu

et al. 2020

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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Recently, widespread use of new psychoactive substances (NPS) including synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones, phenethylamines, tryptamines and piperazines has become a challenge in policymaking as well as a major international concern [1-3]. Between 2009 and 2018, 119 countries and territories reported 892 different NPS to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), through the UNODC Early Warning Advisory on NPS. In Europe, more than 730 NPS have appeared on the drug market since monitoring began in 1997 [3]. The sheer number and chemical variety of NPS, along with their potential health risks, impact both the health and legal sectors. Phenethylamines have been on the drug market for over 50 years. Various commonly abused drugs such as amphetamine, methamphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) may be considered derivatives of phenethylamine [4]. Phenethylamines are divided into several subgroups according to their structures, and the most popular subgroup is "2C compounds" (2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamines with various substituents at C-4), which was first popularized due to its publication in PIHKAL [5].

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Strategy for identification of new psychoactive substances in illicit samples using attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy

Cited by 21 publications

References 11 publications

Electrochemical profiling and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry characterization of synthetic cathinones: From methodology to detection in forensic samples

Electrochemical profiling and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry characterization of synthetic cathinones: From methodology to detection in forensic samples

Identification of synthetic cathinones in seized materials: A review of analytical strategies applied in forensic chemistry

Discrimination of phenethylamine regioisomers and structural analogues by Raman spectroscopy

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