Stratospheric aerosol optical depths, 1850–1990

Sato, Makiko; Hansen, James E.; McCormick, M. P.; Pollack, James B.

doi:10.1029/93jd02553

Cited by 894 publications

(1,005 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…The horizontal resolution of the ocean model is approximately 0.28125 • (lon) ×0.1875 • (lat). As a component of CMIP3, M3H has carried out historical simulations of the period 1850-2000, using observed natural and anthropogenic forcings (Nozawa et al, 2007): changes in total solar irradiance (Lean et al, 1995), volcanic aerosols (Sato et al, 1993), well-mixed greenhouse gases (Johns et al, 2003), tropospheric and stratospheric ozone (Randel and Wu, 1999;Sudo et al, 2002), surface emissions of anthropogenic carbonaceous aerosols (Nozawa and Kurokawa, 2006) and precursors of sulfate aerosols (Lefohn et al, 1999), and land use (Hirabayashi et al, 2005). The simulation results have been widely used to analyze global or regional climate change and to drive RCMs (Lucarini et al, 2007;Gao et al, 2012;Guo et al, 2014).…”

Section: Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of a very-fine-resolution GCM with RCM dynamical downscaling in simulating climate in China

Guo

Wang

2016

Adv. Atmos. Sci.

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Regional climate simulation can generally be improved by using an RCM nested within a coarser-resolution GCM. However, whether or not it can also be improved by the direct use of a state-of-the-art GCM with very fine resolution, close to that of an RCM, and, if so, which is the better approach, are open questions. These questions are important for understanding and using these two kinds of simulation approaches, but have not yet been investigated. Accordingly, the present reported work compared simulation results over China from a very-fine-resolution GCM (VFRGCM) and from RCM dynamical downscaling. The results showed that: (1) The VFRGCM reproduces the climatologies and trends of both air temperature and precipitation, as well as inter-monthly variations of air temperature in terms of spatial pattern and amount, closer to observations than the coarse-resolution version of the GCM. This is not the case, however, for the inter-monthly variations of precipitation. (2) The VFRGCM captures the climatology, trend, and inter-monthly variation of air temperature, as well as the trend in precipitation, more reasonably than the RCM dynamical downscaling method. (3) The RCM dynamical downscaling method performs better than the VFRGCM in terms of the climatology and inter-monthly variation of precipitation. Overall, the results suggest that VFRGCMs possess great potential with regard to their application in climate simulation in the future, and the RCM dynamical downscaling method is still dominant in terms of regional precipitation simulation.

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Section: Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of a very-fine-resolution GCM with RCM dynamical downscaling in simulating climate in China

Guo

Wang

2016

Adv. Atmos. Sci.

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“…Stratospheric volcanic aerosols are input to the model as quarterspheric values (in four latitude bands 90Њ-45ЊS, 45ЊS-0Њ, 0Њ-45ЊN, 45Њ-90ЊN) of monthly optical depths at 0.55 m on using the updated time series of Sato et al (1993) distributed above the model tropopause assuming a uniform mass mixing ratio.…”

Section: E Volcanic Aerosolmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• NATURAL: Ensemble of four runs forced with changes in stratospheric aerosol following volcanic eruptions, according to the updated reconstruction of Sato et al (1993), and changes in solar irradiance, according to the updated reconstruction of Lean et al (1995a), including a greater variation in UV than total irradiance.…”

Section: Natural Contributions To Twentieth-century Temperature Changementioning

confidence: 99%

“…• 5ϫVOL: A single run forced by changes in stratospheric aerosol following volcanic eruptions, according to the updated reconstruction of Sato et al (1993) with optical depths enhanced by a factor of 5.…”

Section: Climatic Impact Of Solar and Volcanic Forcingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Between the eruptions of Katmai in 1912 and Agung in 1963 there was relatively little volcanic activity capable of releasing aerosols into the stratosphere (Sato et al 1993). A number of reconstructions of solar irradiance based on sunspot data estimate that there was a general increase in solar forcing in the first half of the twentieth century overlying the 11-yr solar cycle (Lean 2000;Hoyt and Schatten 1993;Solanki and Fligge 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Jones²,

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2003

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Current attribution analyses that seek to determine the relative contributions of different forcing agents to observed near-surface temperature changes underestimate the importance of weak signals, such as that due to changes in solar irradiance. Here a new attribution method is applied that does not have a systematic bias against weak signals.It is found that current climate models underestimate the observed climate response to solar forcing over the twentieth century as a whole, indicating that the climate system has a greater sensitivity to solar forcing than do models. The results from this research show that increases in solar irradiance are likely to have had a greater influence on global-mean temperatures in the first half of the twentieth century than the combined effects of changes in anthropogenic forcings. Nevertheless the results confirm previous analyses showing that greenhouse gas increases explain most of the global warming observed in the second half of the twentieth century.

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We monitor and model the effects on world‐wide temperatures of the June 1991 volcanic eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines. Global mean air temperatures were reduced, by up to 0·5°C at the surface and 0·6°C in the troposphere, for some months in mid‐1992, in approximate accord with model predictions. Differences from these predictions occurred in the Northern Hemisphere winters of 1991–1992 and 1992–1993, as a result of atmospheric circulation changes that yielded continental surface warmings not fully reproduced by the model. The effects of the eruption were less evident by 1994. A superposed‐epoch composite for five major tropical eruptions shows significant global post‐eruption cooling at the surface when the effects of the El Ni7o–Southern Oscillation are removed from the data. Stratospheric warmth following Pinatubo lasted until early 1993 according to Microwave Sounding Unit data.

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Stratospheric aerosol optical depths, 1850–1990

Cited by 894 publications

References 50 publications

Comparison of a very-fine-resolution GCM with RCM dynamical downscaling in simulating climate in China

Comparison of a very-fine-resolution GCM with RCM dynamical downscaling in simulating climate in China

Do Models Underestimate the Solar Contribution to Recent Climate Change?

The Impact of Mount Pinatubo on World-Wide Temperatures

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