Strength, But Not Muscle Mass, Is Associated With Mortality in the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study Cohort

Newman, Anne B.; Kupelian, Varant; Visser, Marjolein; Simonsick, Eleanor M.; Goodpaster, Bret H.; Kritchevsky, S.B.; Tylavsky, Fran; Rubin, Susan M.; Harris, Tamara B.

doi:10.1093/gerona/61.1.72

Cited by 1,409 publications

(1,092 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…These cross-sectional results could suggest that poor muscle strength should be preferred above low muscle mass to assess sarcopenia. This is supported by the findings of other epidemiological studies showing that muscle strength measures in older persons are more strongly associated with (change in) functional limitations and disability (15)(16)(17)(18) and mortality (19)(20) compared to muscle mass measures.…”

Section: Definitions Of Sarcopeniasupporting

confidence: 83%

Towards a definition of sarcopenia — results from epidemiologic studies

Visser

2009

The Journal of nutrition, health and aging

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IntroductionThe term sarcopenia, indicating the age-related loss of muscle mass, was first introduced by Dr. I.H. Rosenberg (1). This loss of muscle mass with aging is hypothesized to have negative consequences for health and physical functioning in old age (2). To investigate the prevalence of sarcopenia and its impact on health and functioning in old age, and to diagnose sarcopenia in clinical practice, a definition should be available. Several definitions have been developed and described in the literature. The usefullness of these definitions is generally tested by investigating the association between sarcopenia and (change in) physical functioning. It is important to realize that most of these definitions include a cutpoint for low muscle mass, not loss of muscle mass. Currently, there is no consensus on the definition of sarcopenia. In this brief review several proposed definitions of sarcopenia will be described and potential advantages and disavantages will be discussed. Definitions of sarcopeniaBaumgartner and collegues were the first to develop a definition of sarcopenia (3). Based on studies showing that the amount of appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM) could be estimated by using the bone-free, fat-free mass of the arms and legs as assessed with whole body dual-photon absorptiometry or dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA,4,5), the definition was created using ASMM. Furthermore, analogous to the body mass index, the ASMM was devided by height squared to adjust for the strong association between body height and ASMM. To define the cutpoints for low ASMM an approach similar to that of osteoporosis was taken. Older persons with a ASMM less than two standard deviations from the mean of a young reference population were considered sarcopenic. DXA data from a young (aged 18-40 years) volunteer sample of 229 non-Hispanic white men and women participating in the Rosetta Stone study (6) were used to determine the sarcopenia cutpoints. The developed cutpoints were 7.26 kg/m2 for men and 5.45 kg/m2 for women (3). Although these cutpoints are limited by the fact that the young reference group was a volunteer sample and might not have been representative for young US men and women (it was actually the first young sample with available DXA measurements) they are widely being used in sarcopenia research. Using the same approach, sarcopenia cutpoints have recently been developed for Asian persons (7).The Baumgartner cutpoints for sarcopenia were first applied to the New Mexico Elder Health Survey in which ASMM was predicted using an equation including sex, body weight, body height, hip circumference and grip strength (3). After adjustment for age, income, ethnicity, obesity, comorbidity, current smoking, physical activity and alcohol intake, sarcopenic men and women were more likely to have 3 physical disabilities. In men, but not in women, sarcopenia was also associated with >1 balance abnormality, the use of a cane or walker, and falling in the past year.A second definition of sarcopenia was developed by Ja...

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Section: Definitions Of Sarcopeniasupporting

confidence: 83%

Towards a definition of sarcopenia — results from epidemiologic studies

Visser

2009

The Journal of nutrition, health and aging

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“…Lower-limb muscle strength has been shown to be a good predictor of incident mobility limitations (40), hospitalization (41) and death (42) in older adults. In this regard, previous studies linking diabetes with reduced walking speed (39,(43)(44)(45) have attributed this association to the accelerated loss of skeletal muscle strength that is commonly seen in older adults with this metabolic disease (23,24).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diabetes and Risk of Frailty and Its Potential Mechanisms: A Prospective Cohort Study of Older Adults

García‐Esquinas

Graciani

Guallar‐Castillón

et al. 2015

Journal of the American Medical Directors Association

141

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“…These findings suggested that diminished bioenergetic reserve (Schrack et al ., 2013) and/or impaired bioenergetic synthetic capacity is in part responsible for slower walking speeds in older persons. This hypothesis is consistent with the progressive decline in muscle mass and strength (with the decline in strength outpacing that of muscle mass) (Goodpaster et al ., 2006; Newman et al ., 2006) often observed in older persons and attributed in part to higher prevalence of chronic diseases (McDermott et al ., 2004) and lower physical activity in older compared with younger persons (Cesari et al ., 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle strength mediates the relationship between mitochondrial energetics and walking performance

et al. 2017

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SummarySkeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity declines with age and negatively affects walking performance, but the mechanism for this association is not fully clear. We tested the hypothesis that impaired oxidative capacity affects muscle performance and, through this mechanism, has a negative effect on walking speed. Muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity was measured by in vivo phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy as the postexercise phosphocreatine resynthesis rate, kPC r, in 326 participants (154 men), aged 24–97 years (mean 71), in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Muscle strength and quality were determined by knee extension isokinetic strength, and the ratio of knee extension strength to thigh muscle cross‐sectional area derived from computed topography, respectively. Four walking tasks were evaluated: a usual pace over 6 m and for 150 s, and a rapid pace over 6 m and 400 m. In multivariate linear regression analyses, kPC r was associated with muscle strength (β = 0.140, P = 0.007) and muscle quality (β = 0.127, P = 0.022), independent of age, sex, height, and weight; muscle strength was also a significant independent correlate of walking speed (P < 0.02 for all tasks) and in a formal mediation analysis significantly attenuated the association between kPC r and three of four walking tasks (18–29% reduction in β for kPC r). This is the first demonstration in human adults that mitochondrial function affects muscle strength and that inefficiency in muscle bioenergetics partially accounts for differences in mobility through this mechanism.

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Strength, But Not Muscle Mass, Is Associated With Mortality in the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study Cohort

Abstract: Low muscle mass did not explain the strong association of strength with mortality, demonstrating that muscle strength as a marker of muscle quality is more important than quantity in estimating mortality risk. Grip strength provided risk estimates similar to those of quadriceps strength.

Cited by 1,409 publications

References 27 publications

Towards a definition of sarcopenia — results from epidemiologic studies

Towards a definition of sarcopenia — results from epidemiologic studies

Diabetes and Risk of Frailty and Its Potential Mechanisms: A Prospective Cohort Study of Older Adults

Muscle strength mediates the relationship between mitochondrial energetics and walking performance

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