Strengthening Governance of Social Safety Nets in East Asia

Abstract

Several East Asian countries, in the aftermath of the global financial crisis, are considering an expansion of their social safety net programs. In many cases, existing delivery mechanisms for social assistance in the region tend to be basic, in line with the small size of programs. In a context of coverage expansion and proliferation of new programs, the risk of creating increasingly complex systems characterized by cross-incentives is high. Lack of coordination, ambiguous criteria for identifying and selecting beneficiaries, low administrative capacity, lack of transparency and limited beneficiary participation pose risks for program effectiveness and can decrease accountability. Good governance can improve program outcomes through effective program coordination, stronger accountability arrangements, provider incentives and greater transparency and participation. This paper proposes an analytical framework to systematically identify governance risks and constraints which, if removed, could improve the outcomes of modern social assistance programs.

Atomic structure and mechanical properties of carbyne

“…The mechanical properties and total energies of carbon chains were calculated using the quantum-espresso program package 22 , which uses planewaves as a basis set. We employed ultrasoft pseudopotentials, which were custom-generated for carbon atoms using the vanderbilt code (v 7.3.4) 23 . The planewave basis cutoff of E cut = 450eV was used in all calculations.…”

Hydrogen Bond Symmetrization in Glycinium Oxalate under Pressure

“…The vibrational properties were studied using density functional perturbation theory as implemented in the Quantum-Espresso computer code [58]. For these calculations, we have used the local density approximation for exchange-correlation [59] as the code does not allow the Raman and infrared intensities calculation for GGA exchange-correlation.…”

Magnetism in Transition metal doped Cubic SiC

“…All calculations are done with a first principle energy code, Quantum Espresso [5] which uses pseudopotentials within density functional theory. This code performs the density functional pseudopotential total energy calculations in periodic systems solving iteratively the Kohn-Sham equations in a plane wave basis set.…”