Strengths and weaknesses of reflection as a guide to action: pressure assails performance in multiple ways

Carr, Thomas H.

doi:10.1007/s11097-014-9401-z

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Rucinska's (2014) notion of “enactive creativity” might help us answer this question. Carr (2015) has drawn on Rucinska's work to suggest that this kind of creativity may enable the performer to “diversify his or her experiences and to attempt to master the opportunities provided by changing performance environments” (p. 231). Interestingly, Carr (2015) proposes that learning to deal with unusual circumstances in an “appropriate and effective way—which involves creation—is a trainable skill in and of itself” (p. 232).…”

Section: Lapses During Online Skill Executionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Perils of Automaticity

Toner

Montero

Moran

2015

Review of General Psychology

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Classical theories of skill acquisition propose that automatization (i.e., performance requires progressively less attention as experience is acquired) is a defining characteristic of expertise in a variety of domains (e.g., Fitts & Posner, 1967). Automaticity is believed to enhance smooth and efficient skill execution by allowing performers to focus on strategic elements of performance rather than on the mechanical details that govern task implementation (Williams & Ford, 2008). By contrast, conscious processing (i.e., paying conscious attention to one's action during motor execution) has been found to disrupt skilled movement and performance proficiency (e.g., Beilock & Carr, 2001). On the basis of this evidence, researchers have tended to extol the virtues of automaticity. However, few researchers have considered the wide range of empirical evidence which indicates that highly automated behaviors can, on occasion, lead to a series of errors that may prove deleterious to skilled performance. Therefore, the purpose of the current paper is to highlight the perils, rather than the virtues, of automaticity. We draw on Reason's (1990) classification scheme of everyday errors to show how an overreliance on automated procedures may lead to 3 specific performance errors (i.e., mistakes, slips, and lapses) in a variety of skill domains (e.g., sport, dance, music). We conclude by arguing that skilled performance requires the dynamic interplay of automatic processing and conscious processing in order to avoid performance errors and to meet the contextually contingent demands that characterize competitive environments in a range of skill domains.

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Section: Lapses During Online Skill Executionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Perils of Automaticity

Toner

Montero

Moran

2015

Review of General Psychology

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“…There are several reasons why putting the finishing touches on an important performance can be challenging. For one, the chance to achieve a personally meaningful goal can add psychological pressure [ 4 ]–or an elevated weight on the need to perform well at a given moment [ 5 ]. Humans have imperfect thought control and are vulnerable to counter intentional thinking at inconvenient times [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Test cricketers score quickly during the ‘nervous nineties’: Evidence from a regression discontinuity design

et al. 2023

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The ‘nervous nineties’ is a well-known cricket colloquialism that implies that batting within reach of 100 runs is mentally demanding. Despite common acceptance of this phenomenon, no study has used a historical test cricket dataset to examine how batting behaviour and performance changes on approach to a century. Accordingly, we explored opensource ball-by-ball data from 712 test cricket matches played between 2004 and 2022 to model the regression discontinuity of batting performance metrics either side of 100 runs. Models were fit using multi-level regression, adjusted for the clustering of balls within players (and where possible, the clustering of matches and innings within players). The analysis revealed that runs per ball and the probability of scoring a boundary increased as batters approached 100 runs. This was followed by a decline of -0.18 runs per ball (95% CI -0.22 to -0.14) and a three-percentage point decline (95% CI 2.2 to 3.8) in the probability of a boundary once a batter reached 100. The modelling revealed no evidence of a change in the probability of a dismissal before and after 100. Our results suggest many batters cope effectively with the psychological demands of playing through the nineties, including by batting aggressively and/or opportunistically to swiftly reach the milestone.

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“…Stress is one of the most significant obstacles to effective self-regulation. At high levels, stress depletes cognitive resources by pressuring the cognitive mechanism and misallocating them to irrelevant tasks and processes (e.g., worrying rather than problem-solving) (see Carr (2015) for a review). Furthermore, it has been linked to serious illnesses or even death ( Abramson et al, 2002 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was expected that the emotional manifestations of these goals would become more prevalent as the experience of a piece of malfunctioning equipment would likely represent an obstacle to goal attainment. Thus, our choice for inducing a frustrating experience was so that goal orientations would be evaluated under pressure and under demanding and uncommon environmental demands ( Carr, 2015 ). Such demands and pressures that cannot be overcome (i.e., maladaptive equipment) would likely energize physiological responses that mimic real life achievement situations, which is the proper setting to evaluate achievement goals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Stressful Experience of Goal Orientations Under Frustration: Evidence Using Physiological Means

Antoniou

Alkhadim

2022

Front. Psychol.

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The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that goal orientation is associated with divergent forms of emotional reactivity under frustration. Goal orientations were assessed using bifurcations of performance goals described earlier. Physiological stress levels were measured via a blood volume pulse analysis after individuals were subjected to a computerized Stroop task using a malfunctioning mouse to induce enhanced frustration. The results indicated that performance-avoidance goals were associated with the highest levels of emotional reactivity, with normative outcome goals being significantly more detrimental than ability goals. We concluded that the motivation to avoid failure or to outperform others is the most detrimental determinant of stress and needs to be avoided by all means. Instead, it is suggested that educators emphasize performance using personal best outcomes or by valuing engagement, deep processing and task completion.

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Strengths and weaknesses of reflection as a guide to action: pressure assails performance in multiple ways

Cited by 14 publications

References 59 publications

The Perils of Automaticity

The Perils of Automaticity

Test cricketers score quickly during the ‘nervous nineties’: Evidence from a regression discontinuity design

The Stressful Experience of Goal Orientations Under Frustration: Evidence Using Physiological Means

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