Streptococcus: An orthodontic point of view

Abstract

Introduction: Streptococcus mutans and S. sobrinus are the main causative agents of human dental caries. Objective: To analyze the literature on different genera of Streptococcus such as S. mutans, S. gordonii, S. sanguis, S. sobrinus and S. salivarius in relation to orthodontics.Methodology: Articles on the subject published through the PubMed, SCOPUS and Google Academic databases were analyzed, with an emphasis on the last 5 years. It was carried out with the words "Streptococcus mutans", "S. gordonii", "S. sanguis", "S. sobrinus ", "S. salivarius". Results: S. mutans: produces dental caries and demineralization of the enamel. It can be controlled with proper brushing techniques and oral hygiene. S. gordonii: predominates in the oral microflora and triggers cariogenic biofilms, is present in the formation of white spots around brackets and its development can be inhibited with fluoride-containing rinses. S. sanguis: present in orthodontic appliances, they have adverse effects that help the formation of dental plaque, mouthwash with nanio TiO2 and a good mechanical and chemical cleaning help to eliminate them. S. sobrinus: forms white spots, demineralizes enamel and causes dental caries. S. salivarius: its acid-base physiology plays an important role, the use of orthodontic appliances can produce an increase in bacteria which is associated with metal alloys. Conclusion: Streptococcus species are a problem in orthodontics, they can be eliminated by using Enlight composite resin, 0.02% chlorhexidine rinses, mouthwash with nanioTiO2 and a good mechanical and chemical brushing technique.

Most common pathogens from cows with subclinical mastitis in northwestern Paraná, Southern Brazil and their antimicrobial susceptibility

“…Regarding the considerable proportion of Streptococcus sanguis (13%) found in this study, it is important to point out that this specie is not frequently identified in cattle. Most commonly, S. sanguis are associated with oral health, being involved in the development of dental caries (Gomez et al, 2021). This finding suggests contamination during the milking process through a route that deserve to be further investigate, which should be related with human contamination or via the oral-to-udder transmission among calves.…”