Stress granules: the Tao of RNA triage

Anderson, Paul; Kedersha, Nancy

doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2007.12.003

Cited by 971 publications

(1,237 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…[27][28][29] SGs are cytoplasmic aggregates of stalled translation initiation complex. 30 Here we used a construct expressing EGFP-tagged G3BP1, a core component of SGs, to monitor the formation of SGs. Similar to our previous findings, 5 CVB3 infection induced the formation of SGs at 3 h post-infection (Figure 4a).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytoplasmic translocation, aggregation, and cleavage of TDP-43 by enteroviral proteases modulate viral pathogenesis

et al. 2015

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We have previously demonstrated that infection by coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), a positive-stranded RNA enterovirus, results in the accumulation of insoluble ubiquitin-protein aggregates, which resembles the common feature of neurodegenerative diseases. The importance of protein aggregation in viral pathogenesis has been recognized; however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain ill-defined. Transactive response DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43) is an RNA-binding protein that has an essential role in regulating RNA metabolism at multiple levels. Cleavage and cytoplasmic aggregation of TDP-43 serves as a major molecular marker for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration and contributes significantly to disease progression. In this study, we reported that TDP-43 is translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm during CVB3 infection through the activity of viral protease 2A, followed by the cleavage mediated by viral protease 3C. Cytoplasmic translocation of TDP-43 is accompanied by reduced solubility and increased formation of protein aggregates. The cleavage takes place at aminoacid 327 between glutamine and alanine, resulting in the generation of an N-and C-terminal cleavage fragment of~35 and~8 kDa, respectively. The C-terminal product of TDP-43 is unstable and quickly degraded through the proteasome degradation pathway, whereas the N-terminal truncation of TDP-43 acts as a dominant-negative mutant that inhibits the function of native TDP-43 in alternative RNA splicing. Lastly, we demonstrated that knockdown of TDP-43 results in an increase in viral titers, suggesting a protective role for TDP-43 in CVB3 infection. Taken together, our findings suggest a novel model by which cytoplasmic redistribution and cleavage of TDP-43 as a consequence of CVB3 infection disrupts the solubility and transcriptional activity of TDP-43. Our results also reveal a mechanism evolved by enteroviruses to support efficient viral infection. Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a small, positive-stranded RNA enterovirus. 1 The single open reading frame of CVB3 is translated into a viral polypeptide that is subsequently cleaved by two virus-encoded proteases 2A and 3C to generate structural and non-structural proteins. 2 In addition to processing viral polyprotein, 2A and 3C target host proteins important for maintenance of protein translation and transcription, antiviral activity, and cellular architecture and signaling, contributing to virus-induced pathogenesis. [3][4][5] Although enteroviral replication takes place exclusively in the cytoplasm, viral infection has been demonstrated to lead to cytoplasmic translocation of nuclear proteins. 6 For example, heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein D (hnRNP D) has been shown to translocate from the nucleus to the cytoplasm during enteroviral infection. 5,7,8 Moreover, hnRNP D is cleaved by 3C and has an antiviral function against enteroviral infection. 5,7,8 Cytoplasmic translocation after enteroviral infection has also been demonstrated for several other hnRNPs (A1, C, and K)...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytoplasmic translocation, aggregation, and cleavage of TDP-43 by enteroviral proteases modulate viral pathogenesis

et al. 2015

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“…If so, is a similar function carried out by SMN in stress granules, where the cytoplasmic fraction of SMN is most concentrated? [141][142][143] Additional studies will be needed to answer these questions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SMN - A chaperone for nuclear RNP social occasions?

2016

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Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) protein localizes to both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic SMN is diffusely localized in large oligomeric complexes with core member proteins, called Gemins. Biochemical and cell biological studies have demonstrated that the SMN complex is required for the cytoplasmic assembly and nuclear transport of Sm-class ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). Nuclear SMN accumulates with spliceosomal small nuclear (sn)RNPs in Cajal bodies, sub-domains involved in multiple facets of snRNP maturation. Thus, the SMN complex forms stable associations with both nuclear and cytoplasmic snRNPs, and plays a critical role in their biogenesis. In this review, we focus on potential functions of the nuclear SMN complex, with particular emphasis on its role within the Cajal body.

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“…Similar domains are characteristic of yeast prions that reversibly change their conformation, selfaggregate, and propagate this conformation onto natively folded proteins [88]. Prion-like domains are also found in mammalian proteins whose function requires reversible selfaggregation, including proteins that are involved in the formation of stress granules [89], RNA-dense cytoplasmic particles that sequester nonessential mRNAs and prevent their translation when cells are under duress [90]. TDP43 and FUS are incorporated into cytoplasmic stress granules upon exposure to oxidative, heat, or endoplasmic reticulum stress, but return to their normal (predominantly nuclear) localization when the stress is removed [41,53,55,56,91,92].…”

Section: Rna Granulesmentioning

confidence: 95%

Linking RNA Dysfunction and Neurodegeneration in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Barmada

2015

Neurotherapeutics

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The degeneration of motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) inevitably causes paralysis and death within a matter of years. Mounting genetic and functional evidence suggest that abnormalities in RNA processing and metabolism underlie motor neuron loss in sporadic and familial ALS. Abnormal localization and aggregation of essential RNA-binding proteins are fundamental pathological features of sporadic ALS, and mutations in genes encoding RNA processing enzymes cause familial disease. Also, expansion mutations occurring in the noncoding region of C9orf72-the most common cause of inherited ALS-result in nuclear RNA foci, underscoring the link between abnormal RNA metabolism and neurodegeneration in ALS. This review summarizes the current understanding of RNA dysfunction in ALS, and builds upon this knowledge base to identify converging mechanisms of neurodegeneration in ALS. Potential targets for therapy development are highlighted, with particular emphasis on early and conserved pathways that lead to motor neuron loss in ALS.

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Stress granules: the Tao of RNA triage

Cited by 971 publications

References 89 publications

Cytoplasmic translocation, aggregation, and cleavage of TDP-43 by enteroviral proteases modulate viral pathogenesis

Cytoplasmic translocation, aggregation, and cleavage of TDP-43 by enteroviral proteases modulate viral pathogenesis

SMN - A chaperone for nuclear RNP social occasions?

Linking RNA Dysfunction and Neurodegeneration in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

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