Stress Management and Welfare

Sneddon, Lynne U.; Wolfenden, David C. C.; Thomson, Jack S.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802728-8.00012-6

Cited by 79 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 216 publications

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“…The natural stress response of fishes is often used in our assessment of welfare (Conte, ; Sneddon et al ., ) not least because our understanding of the physiological response of fishes to a variety of stressors is extensive, with many books and reviews written on the subject (Barton, ; Iwama et al ., ; Schreck, ; Schreck et al ., ). However, we cannot assume that there is always a direct relationship between stress and welfare.…”

Section: Fish Welfarementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Behaviour, or behavioural deficits are often used in the assessment of animal welfare (Mench & Mason, 1997) including choice tests (Dawkins, 1998(Dawkins, , 2004, although these are based on the assumption that the animal will choose what is best for its own welfare, which may not necessarily be the case. In fishes, a variety of welfare indicators have been suggested including changes in colour, ventilation rate, swimming behaviour, reduced food intake, loss of condition, slow growth, morphological abnormalities, injury, disease outbreaks and reduced reproductive output (Huntingford et al, 2006;Sneddon et al, 2016;Wilson et al, 2018). In reality, combined measures are likely to be the best way of assessing welfare (Huntingford et al, 2006) to account for intra-and inter-individual variation in specific responses (Mason & Mendl, 1993).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Ethical considerations in fish research

Sloman

Bouyoucos

Brooks

et al. 2019

Journal of Fish Biology

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Fishes are used in a wide range of scientific studies, from conservation research with potential benefits to the species used to biomedical research with potential human benefits. Fish research can take place in both laboratories and field environments and methods used represent a continuum from non‐invasive observations, handling, through to experimental manipulation. While some countries have legislation or guidance regarding the use of fish in research, many do not and there exists a diversity of scientific opinions on the sentience of fish and how we determine welfare. Nevertheless, there is a growing pressure on the scientific community to take more responsibility for the animals they work with through maximising the benefits of their research to humans or animals while minimising welfare or survival costs to their study animals. In this review, we focus primarily on the refinement of common methods used in fish research based on emerging knowledge with the aim of improving the welfare of fish used in scientific studies. We consider the use of anaesthetics and analgesics and how we mark individuals for identification purposes. We highlight the main ethical concerns facing researchers in both laboratory and field environments and identify areas that need urgent future research. We hope that this review will help inform those who wish to refine their ethical practices and stimulate thought among fish researchers for further avenues of refinement. Improved ethics and welfare of fishes will inevitably lead to increased scientific rigour and is in the best interests of both fishes and scientists.

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Section: Fish Welfarementioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethical considerations in fish research

Sloman

Bouyoucos

Brooks

et al. 2019

Journal of Fish Biology

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“…We arbitrarily set the cut off line at 10 critical questions, which should (i) depict the major limitations imposed to the lives of fish under farming conditions and, therefore, directly impact their welfare (ii) be able to be applied to all farmed species. These criteria were designed to take into account not only the multidimensional nature of welfare (mental, physiological and natural [29][30][31]) but also common conceptual guidelines towards animal welfare in practice-namely the five freedoms [29] and the allostatic model [32,33].…”

Section: Selected Criteria For the Short Profilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Global Assessment of Welfare in Farmed Fishes: The FishEthoBase

Saraiva¹,

Arechavala-López

Castanheira³

et al. 2019

Fishes

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Fish welfare is an essential issue that needs to be tackled by the aquaculture industry. In order to address it, studies have been limited to a small number of species and the information is generally scattered. In order to have a consistent overview of the welfare of farmed fishes, we present the FishEthoBase, an open-access database that ultimately aims to provide information on the welfare of all fish species currently farmed worldwide. Presently with 41 species, this database is directed to all stakeholders in the field and targets not only to bridge the gaps between them but also to provide scientific information to improve the welfare of fish. The current text explains the database and presents an analysis of the welfare scores of 41 species, suggesting that (i) the general welfare state of farmed fishes is poor, (ii) there is some potential for improvement and (iii) this potential is related to research on species’ needs, but (iv) there are many remaining knowledge gaps and (v) current fish farming technologies do not seem to fully address welfare issues. The existence of a framework, such as the FishEthoBase, is proposed as fundamental to the design of strategies that improve the welfare of farmed fish.

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“…The zebrafish Danio rerio, and a number of other teleost species, have emerged as powerful models for addressing neuronal and genetic principles underlying the regulation of stress (Cachat et al, 2010;Maximino et al, 2010Maximino et al, , 2014Schreck et al, 2016;Sakamoto et al, 2017;Laberge et al, 2019). Studying stress in fish not only has implications in aquaculture and farming (Sneddon et al, 2016), the principles, neuronal circuitry, and neuroendocrine systems that modulate these behaviors are largely analogous with mammalian systems (Mueller et al, 2011;Biran et al, 2015), and more than 80% of disease-causing genes are conserved (Varga et al, 2018). The neuroendocrine stress axis and the primary neuroendocrine stress hormone, cortisol, are conserved between fish and humans (Collier et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of stress responses inAstyanaxlarvae reveals heterogeneity among different populations

Chin

Loomis

Albert

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Research Highlight:• Cavefish populations of A. mexicanus have reduced stress relative to surface conspecific at larval stages • We show that a glucocorticoid receptor, a negative regulator of the neuroendocrine stress axis, is upregulated in stress-resistant cavefish • There exists much ontological heterogeneity between different cavefish populations. AbstractStress responses are conserved physiological and behavioral outcomes as a result of facing potentially harmful stimuli, yet in pathological states, stress becomes debilitating. Stress responses vary considerably throughout the animal kingdom, but how these responses are shaped evolutionarily is unknown. The Mexican cavefish has emerged as a powerful system for examining genetic principles underlying behavioral evolution. Here, we demonstrate that cave Astyanax have reduced behavioral and physiological measures of stress when examined at larval stages. We also find increased expression of the glucocorticoid receptor, a repressible element of the neuroendocrine stress pathway. Additionally, we examine stress in three different cave populations, and find that some, but not all, show reduced stress measures. Together, these results reveal a mechanistic system by which cave-dwelling fish reduced stress, presumably to compensate for a predator poor environment.

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Stress Management and Welfare

Cited by 79 publications

References 216 publications

Ethical considerations in fish research

Ethical considerations in fish research

A Global Assessment of Welfare in Farmed Fishes: The FishEthoBase

Analysis of stress responses inAstyanaxlarvae reveals heterogeneity among different populations

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