Stressful Psychomotor Performance and Adrenal Cortical Function as Indicated by the Lymphocyte Response

Hoagland, Hudson; Elmadjian, Fred; Pincus, Gregory

doi:10.1210/jcem-6-4-301

Cited by 56 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…In fact, changes in blood leukocyte numbers were used as a measure of stress before methods were available to directly assay the hormone [33] . Studies have also shown that glucocorticoid [34,35] and catecholamine hormones [26] induce rapid and significant changes in leukocyte distribution and that these hormones are the major mediators of the effects of stress.…”

Section: Stress-induced Changes In Immune Cell Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Second, the increase in total leukocyte numbers may be accounted for mainly by stress-or catecholamine-induced increases in granulocytes and NK cells [26,39,41,42] . Third, stress or pharmacologically-induced increases in glucocorticoid hormones induce a significant decrease in blood lymphocyte and monocyte numbers [33,35,39] . Thus, stress conditions that result in a significant and sustained activation of the HPA axis result in a decrease in blood leukocyte numbers.…”

Section: Stress-induced Changes In Immune Cell Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enhancing versus Suppressive Effects of Stress on Immune Function: Implications for Immunoprotection and Immunopathology

Dhabhar¹

2009

Neuroimmunomodulation

708

577

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Stress is known to suppress immune function and increase susceptibility to infections and cancer. Paradoxically, stress is also known to exacerbate asthma, and allergic, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, although such diseases should be ameliorated by immunosuppression. Moreover, the short-term fight-or-flight stress response is one of nature’s fundamental defense mechanisms that enables the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems to promote survival, and it is unlikely that this response would suppress immune function at a time when it is most required for survival (e.g. in response to wounding and infection by a predator or aggressor). These observations suggest that stress may suppress immune function under some conditions while enhancing it under others. The effects of stress are likely to be beneficial or harmful depending on the type (immunoprotective, immunoregulatory/inhibitory, or immunopathological) of immune response that is affected. Studies have shown that several critical factors influence the direction (enhancing vs. suppressive) of the effects of stress or stress hormones on immune function: (1) Duration (acute vs. chronic) of stress: Acute or short-term stress experienced at the time of immune activation can enhance innate and adaptive immune responses. Chronic or long-term stress can suppress immunity by decreasing immune cell numbers and function and/or increasing active immunosuppressive mechanisms (e.g. regulatory T cells). Chronic stress can also dysregulate immune function by promoting proinflammatory and type-2 cytokine-driven responses. (2) Effects of stress on leukocyte distribution: Compartments that are enriched with immune cells during acute stress show immunoenhancement, while those that are depleted of leukocytes, show immunosuppression. (3) The differential effects of physiologic versus pharmacologic concentrations of glucocorticoids, and the differential effects of endogenous versus synthetic glucocorticoids: Endogenous hormones in physiological concentrations can have immunoenhancing effects. Endogenous hormones at pharmacologic concentrations, and synthetic hormones, are immunosuppressive. (4) The timing of stressor or stress hormone exposure relative to the time of activation and time course of the immune response: Immunoenhancement is observed when acute stress is experienced at early stages of immune activation, while immunosuppression may be observed at late stages of the immune response. We propose that it is important to study and, if possible, to clinically harness the immunoenhancing effects of the acute stress response, that evolution has finely sculpted as a survival mechanism, just as we study its maladaptive ramifications (chronic stress) that evolution has yet to resolve. In view of the ubiquitous nature of stress and its significant effects on immunoprotection as well as immunopathology, it is important to further elucidate the mechanisms mediating stress-immune interactions and to meaningfully translate findings from bench to bedside.

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Section: Stress-induced Changes In Immune Cell Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Stress-induced Changes In Immune Cell Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing versus Suppressive Effects of Stress on Immune Function: Implications for Immunoprotection and Immunopathology

Dhabhar¹

2009

Neuroimmunomodulation

708

577

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“…14 and 15) as is the stress potassium level (col. 17). Again the pre-stress sodium levels are higher in the patients (col. 19) and the urinary inorganic phosphate lower (col. 22). In this series among the blood values only the blood sugar tends to be significantly higher in the normal men (col. 29).…”

Section: The Pursuit-meter Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…T T 7 " E have previously recorded the observa-" * tions that a) the increased 17-ketosteroid output following certain acute stresses in normal men fails in psychotic men ( n , 19,27), b) stressinduced lymphocytopenia does not occur in psychotic subjects (19,27,29), and c) the lymphocytopenia induced by glucose administration occurs in only a limited number of psychotic subjects (10). The stresses employed were exposure to cold and to heat, the operation of a pursuit-meter under mildly anoxic conditions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of Pituitary-Adrenocortical Function in Normal and Psychotic Men

Pincus

Hoagland

Freeman

et al. 1949

Psychosomatic Medicine

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“…In fact, changes in blood leukocyte numbers were used as an indirect measure for changes in plasma cortisol before methods were available to directly assay the hormone (Hoagland et al 1946), and numerous studies in humans have shown that glucocorticoid hormones induce significant changes in blood leukocyte distribution (Dhabhar et al 1996). Studies have also delineated the rapid and significant effects of catecholamine hormones in mediating stress-induced changes in blood leukocyte distribution (Redwine et al 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leukocyte modifications during the first month after foaling in mares and their newborn foals

Piccione¹,

Rizzo²,

Arfuso³

et al. 2015

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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During early post-partum period both neonatal foals and peripartum mares are most susceptible to diseases. The aim of this study was to establish physiologic modifications of leukogram during the first month after foaling in mares and their newborn foals. To this end blood samples were collected from nine mares and nine foals (T0-T10), every three days from the 1st day until the 30th day after foaling. Samples were analysed for white blood cell (WBC) count and differential leucocyte counts.Two-way repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed, in postpartum mares WBC showed significant higher values at T0 (9.02±0.76) in respect to other time points, and at T2 (8.08±0.53) and T3 (7.92±0.59) compared to T1 (6.98±0.43), whereas in foals lower WBC values at T0 (6.11±0.49) compared to other experimental periods except T1 (6.90±0.94), and at T1 compared to T8 (7.95±0.61) and T10 (7.90±0.36) were observed.The differential leucocyte counts showed significant modifications in the percentage of neutrophils (π<0.001) and lymphocytes (p<0.001) both in postpartum mares and in foals during the experimental period.Furthermore ANOVA showed significant differences between postpartum mares and foals (P<0.01) in all studied parameters, and between postpartum mares and control mares in WBC and neutrophils values.The obtained results provide suitable information about the influence of foaling on leukogram of periparturient mares and reveal WBC dynamics in newborn foals during the first month post-partum.

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Stressful Psychomotor Performance and Adrenal Cortical Function as Indicated by the Lymphocyte Response

Cited by 56 publications

References 1 publication

Enhancing versus Suppressive Effects of Stress on Immune Function: Implications for Immunoprotection and Immunopathology

Enhancing versus Suppressive Effects of Stress on Immune Function: Implications for Immunoprotection and Immunopathology

A Study of Pituitary-Adrenocortical Function in Normal and Psychotic Men

Leukocyte modifications during the first month after foaling in mares and their newborn foals

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