Stressors in the learned helplessness paradigm: Effects on body weight and conditioned taste aversion in rats

Short‐ and long‐term antidepressant effects of ketamine in a rat chronic unpredictable stress model

“…Stressful situations are known to influence feeding behavior as it has been reported that chronic exposure to stressors alters body weights in rats (Bekris, Antoniou, Daskas, & Papadopoulou-Daifoti, 2005;Dess, Raizer, Chapman, & Garcia, 1988). During CUS model, the hypothalamuspituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and glucocorticoids (GC) remain elevated, and the main adrenal cortical hormone in rats is corticosterone (mineralocorticoid) (Cryan, Mombereau, & Vassout, 2005).…”

Time-dependent exacerbation of amphetamine-induced taste aversions following exposure to footshock

“…Moreover, stressor chronicity does not appear to be a critical factor as LiCl CTA is attenuated by both two and eight exposures to 5-min swim (Revu sky and Reilly 1989;Bourne et al 1992). Similarly, both a single session of 90 inescapable shocks and eight ses sions of 120 inescapable shocks attenuate LiCl CTA (Dess et al 1988;Revusky and Reilly 1989). In contrast to these results, however, two exposures to either hyper tonic saline injections or two footshocks does not alter LiCl CTA (Holder et al 1989).…”

“…The shock parameters employed were select ed because 30 min of intermittent footshock has been shown to increase dopaminergic activity (Herman et al 1982;Abercrombie et al 1989) and because amphetamine-induced CTA has been demonstrated with a 30-min CS-UCS interval (D 'Mello et al 1977). Thus, our shock procedure employed fewer shocks than used in studies reporting shock-induced attenuation of LiCl CTA (Dess et al 1988;Revusky and Reilly 1989) but more shocks than studies reporting shock-induced facilitation of rotation-or apomorphine-induced CTA (Lasiter and Braun 1981).…”

“…First, these studies employed a variety of different stress ors (e.g., swim» shock, heat, hypertonic saline) and the stressor parameters vary considerably between studies (e.g., repeated versus acute, two shocks versus 120 shocks). Despite these differences, LiCl-induced CTA is attenuated by both swim stress and footshock (Dess et al 1988;Revusky and Reilly 1989;Bourne et al 1992). In deed, Revusky and Reilly (1989) have reported that swim and footshock produce indistinguishable attenua tion of LiCl CTA.…”

“…A number of studies have evaluated the influence of ex posure to stressors on the development and extinction of conditioned taste aversions (CTA) (Lasiter and Braun 1981;Dess et al 1988;Holder et al 1989;Revusky and Reilly 1989;Bourne et al 1992). These studies have re ported that exposure to stressors can decrease (Revusky and Reilly 1989;Bourne et al 1992), increase (Lasiter and Braum 1981) or do not affect CTA (Holder et al 1989).…”