Stretchable Polymer Semiconductors for Plastic Electronics

Wang, Ging‐Ji Nathan; Gasperini, Andrea; Bao, Zhenan

doi:10.1002/aelm.201700429

Cited by 191 publications

(207 citation statements)

References 191 publications

(281 reference statements)

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“…In addition, organic electronic materials offer the advantages of electronic tunability by synthesis, ease of processing via spin‐coating and ink‐jet printing, oxide‐free interfaces, and a low impedance . While the mechanical properties of organic semiconductors are currently the topic of a large and expanding literature, until recently, intrinsically stretchable organic conductors have received somewhat less attention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stretchable Conductive Polymers and Composites Based on PEDOT and PEDOT:PSS

2019

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The conductive polymer poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), and especially its complex with poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), is perhaps the most well‐known example of an organic conductor. It is highly conductive, largely transmissive to light, processible in water, and highly flexible. Much recent work on this ubiquitous material has been devoted to increasing its deformability beyond flexibility—a characteristic possessed by any material that is sufficiently thin—toward stretchability, a characteristic that requires engineering of the structure at the molecular‐ or nanoscale. Stretchability is the enabling characteristic of a range of applications envisioned for PEDOT in energy and healthcare, such as wearable, implantable, and large‐area electronic devices. High degrees of mechanical deformability allow intimate contact with biological tissues and solution‐processable printing techniques (e.g., roll‐to‐roll printing). PEDOT:PSS, however, is only stretchable up to around 10%. Here, the strategies that have been reported to enhance the stretchability of conductive polymers and composites based on PEDOT and PEDOT:PSS are highlighted. These strategies include blending with plasticizers or polymers, deposition on elastomers, formation of fibers and gels, and the use of intrinsically stretchable scaffolds for the polymerization of PEDOT.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stretchable Conductive Polymers and Composites Based on PEDOT and PEDOT:PSS

2019

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“…[25][26][27][28] Similar methods were later applied to D-A polymers, a class of conjugated polymers with superior electrical performance relative to poly(3-alkylthiophenes) (P3ATs). [21,30,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] Backbone engineering of the DPP polymer comes from two strategies, either by tuning conjugated donor or acceptor groups or flexible nonconjugated linker groups. Encouraged by its promising electronic properties, several methods have been explored to improve the mechanical properties of DPPbased polymers and unravel the role of backbone and side chain structure in their intrinsic stretchability and charge mobility in order to achieve the best of two worlds.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Critical Role of Electron‐Donating Thiophene Groups on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Donor–Acceptor Semiconducting Polymers

Song

Ocheje

Huang

et al. 2019

Adv Elect Materials

106

155

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Organic semiconducting donor–acceptor polymers are promising candidates for stretchable electronics owing to their mechanical compliance. However, the effect of the electron‐donating thiophene group on the thermomechanical properties of conjugated polymers has not been carefully studied. Here, thin‐film mechanical properties are investigated for diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)‐based conjugated polymers with varying numbers of isolated thiophene moieties and sizes of fused thiophene rings in the polymer backbone. Interestingly, it is found that these thiophene units act as an antiplasticizer, where more isolated thiophene rings or bigger fused rings result in an increased glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymer backbone, and consequently elastic modulus of the respective DPP polymers. Detailed morphological studies suggests that all samples show similar semicrystalline morphology. This antiplasticization effect also exists in para‐azaquinodimethane‐based conjugated polymers, indicating that this can be a general trend for various conjugated polymer systems. Using the knowledge gained above, a new DPP‐based polymer with increased alkyl side chain density through attaching alky chains to the thiophene unit is engineered. The new DPP polymer demonstrates a record low Tg, and 50% lower elastic modulus than a reference polymer without side‐chain decorated on the thiophene unit. This work provides a general design rule for making low‐Tg conjugated polymers for stretchable electronics.

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“…The simple fabrication of elastic conductors via solution process is highly desirable for various applications, such as strain/pressure sensors, biosignal sensing electrodes, and signal transmission wires for stretchable electronics, to realize their functions in health monitoring, medical therapy, and soft robotics . For applications to human skin and humanoid robots, stretchability of over 55% and good mechanical durability for thousands of cycles of deformation are needed for long‐term stable operation .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Stretchable Metallic Nanowire Networks Reinforced by the Underlying Randomly Distributed Elastic Polymer Nanofibers via Interfacial Adhesion Improvement

et al. 2019

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functions in health monitoring, [12,13] medical therapy, [14] and soft robotics. [15,16] For applications to human skin and humanoid robots, stretchability of over 55% and good mechanical durability for thousands of cycles of deformation are needed for longterm stable operation. [9] High conductivity (over 5000 S cm −1 ) contributes to reducing power loss in wirings [3,17] and reducing noise for biosignal sensing electrodes. [18] Nanomesh-type elastic conductors with porous structure are effective in reducing skin inflammation owing to their gas permeability; [19] thus, they are very promising candidates for on-skin electronics. Achieving high stretchability and conductivity in single materials is very difficult and rare, and a successful approach for elastic conductors is to include two conductive and elastic components. [19][20][21] A pioneer study on porous elastic conductors coated Ag nanoparticles with poly(styrenebutadiene-styrene) fibers more than 150 µm thick, achieving 5215 S cm −1 conductivity with 140% maximum stretchability. [20] Replacing nanoparticles with nanowires is an effective approach to further increase conductivity and decrease resistance change from release status to stretch status. A 3 µm thick polyamide nanofiber (NF)/Ag nanowire (NW) bilayer conductor has been reported to achieve 8 Ω sq −1 sheet resistance (less than 500 S cm −1 ) and 50% stretchability with 85% transmittance at 550 nm wavelength. [21] However, it remains challenging for nanomesh-type elastic conductors to simultaneously achieve high conductivity (5000 S cm −1 ), stretchability (55%), and cyclic mechanical durability for skin-attachable electronics. Achieving high stretchability and good durability is very difficult when simply mixing conductive and polymer materials. Conductive networks and polymer scaffold can easily detach when stretched since the adhesion between them from van der Waals forces is very weak, resulting in rapid degradation of conductivity or even failure of nanomeshtype elastic conductors. On the other hand, adding large amounts of binder materials to enhance the bonding between conductive networks and elastic scaffold often results in lower conductivity, [22][23][24][25] and even the loss of their porous nanostructure. [26][27][28][29] Here, we report a simple bottom-up fabrication approach for porous nanomesh-type elastic conductors with high On-skin electronics require conductive, porous, and stretchable materials for a stable operation with minimal invasiveness to the human body. However, porous elastic conductors that simultaneously achieve high conductivity, good stretchability, and durability are rare owing to the lack of proper design for good adhesion between porous elastic polymer and conductive metallic networks. Here, a simple fabrication approach for porous nanomesh-type elastic conductors is shown by designing a layer-by-layer structure of nanofibers/nanowires (NFs/NWs) via interfacial hydrogen bonding. The as-prepared conductors, consisting of Ag NWs and polyurethane (PU) NFs, simultaneo...

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Stretchable Polymer Semiconductors for Plastic Electronics

Cited by 191 publications

References 191 publications

Stretchable Conductive Polymers and Composites Based on PEDOT and PEDOT:PSS

Stretchable Conductive Polymers and Composites Based on PEDOT and PEDOT:PSS

The Critical Role of Electron‐Donating Thiophene Groups on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Donor–Acceptor Semiconducting Polymers

Highly Stretchable Metallic Nanowire Networks Reinforced by the Underlying Randomly Distributed Elastic Polymer Nanofibers via Interfacial Adhesion Improvement

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