“…Fluid overload can lead to several harmful effects such as, generalised oedema, hindering tissue healing, detrimental effects on cardio-pulmonary functions, delayed recovery of gut functions [9] , decreased muscular oxygen tension [10] , increased risk of complications [11,12] and is linked to poor survival rates [13] . The effectiveness of intra-operative cardiovascular monitoring to reduce such complications has been proven in other published studies [25][26][27][28][29][30] . On the other hand, hypovolemia can lead to hypoperfusion, circulatory collapse, impaired wound healing, anastomotic leak [14,15] , bacterial translocations and endotoxaemia with activation of the systemic inflammatory response [31] ; all of which account for the need of prolonged stay in high level care facilities post-operatively.…”