Strong proximal earthquakes revealed by cosmogenic 3He dating of prehistoric rockfalls, Christchurch, New Zealand

Mackey, B. H.; Quigley, Mark

doi:10.1130/g36149.1

Cited by 36 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Paleoliquefaction studies, along with analysis of PGA s recorded during the Canterbury earthquake sequence (or any other recent earthquakes that may or may not have caused liquefaction at a study site), can better constrain potential PGA 7:5 thresholds and can be combined with additional fault paleoseismic studies (e.g., Hornblow et al, 2014) and other geologic indicators of strong shaking (e.g., Mackey and Quigley, 2014) to inform the paleoearthquake history for the region.…”

Section: Paleoliquefactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquefaction Features Produced by the 2010–2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence in Southwest Christchurch, New Zealand, and Preliminary Assessment of Paleoliquefaction Features

Villamor¹,

Almond²,

Tuttle³

et al. 2016

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America

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Liquefaction features and the geologic environment in which they formed were carefully studied at two sites near Lincoln in southwest Christchurch. We undertook geomorphic mapping, excavated trenches, and obtained hand cores in areas with surficial evidence for liquefaction and areas where no surficial evidence for liquefaction was present at two sites (Hardwick and Marchand). The liquefaction features identified include (1) sand blows (singular and aligned along linear fissures), (2) blisters or injections of subhorizontal dikes into the topsoil, (3) dikes related to the blows and blisters, and (4) a collapse structure. The spatial distribution of these surface liquefaction features correlates strongly with the ridges of scroll bars in meander settings. In addition, we discovered paleoliquefaction features, including several dikes and a sand blow, in excavations at the sites of modern liquefaction. The paleoliquefaction event at the Hardwick site is dated at A.D. 908-1336 , and the one at the Marchand site is dated at A.D. 1017-1840 (95% confidence intervals of probability density functions obtained by Bayesian analysis). If both events are the same, given proximity of the sites, the time of the event is A.D. 1019-1337. If they are not, the one at the Marchand site could have been much younger. Taking into account a preliminary liquefaction-triggering threshold of equivalent peak ground acceleration for an M w 7.5 event (PGA 7:5 ) of 0:07g, existing magnitude-bounded relations for paleoliquefaction, and the timing of the paleoearthquakes and the potential PGA 7:5 estimated for regional faults, we propose that the Porters Pass fault, Alpine fault, or the subduction zone faults are the most likely sources that could have triggered liquefaction at the study sites. There are other nearby regional faults that may have been the source, but there is no paleoseismic data with which to make the temporal link.Online Material: Figures showing areas of liquefaction, trench logs, information on dike and sand-blow parameters, dike azimuths, core logs, radiocarbon samples, and OxCal analysis, and tables detailing units exposed in the trenches and stereonets.

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Section: Paleoliquefactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquefaction Features Produced by the 2010–2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence in Southwest Christchurch, New Zealand, and Preliminary Assessment of Paleoliquefaction Features

Villamor¹,

Almond²,

Tuttle³

et al. 2016

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America

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“…The penultimate earthquake on the source of the Darfield earthquake (Greendale Fault) occurred ca. 20-30 kyr ago (Hornblow et al, 2014) and rock fall evidence suggests that no large earthquakes have occurred on the local faults responsible for the 2011 February M w 6.2 and June M w 6.0 Christchurch earthquakes within the last 6000 to 8000 years (Mackey and Quigley, 2014), indicating that the CES sources were not responsible for the paleoliquefaction. Region-specific magnitude-bound curves could thus assist in the interpretation of such evidence and help to elucidate the region's paleoseismic history.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The CES involved at least 7 damaging earthquakes sourced from at least 12 faults (Beavan et al, 2012) that were previously unidentified and historically seismically quiescent. As many as ten distinct episodes of liquefaction and five distinct episodes of rockfall (Mackey and Quigley, 2014) occurred at some sites in the mainshock (M w 7.1 Darfield earthquake) and largest aftershocks (e.g., 2011 M w 6.2 Christchurch earthquake, 185 fatalities). Approximately 75% of buildings within the central business district (CBD) of Christchurch required demolition or extensive repair (Kam et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, prior to the CES, none of this data had been seriously validated with rigorous paleoseismic investigations in Christchurch. The occurrence of a highly damaging series of earthquakes sourced from previously unknown and primarily blind faults highlighted the inherent incompleteness of source-based seismic hazard catalogs, demonstrating the necessity for geologic studies of prehistoric phenomena such as rockfalls (Mackey and Quigley, 2014) and liquefaction features (Bastin et al, 2015) to supplement seismic hazard models and predict the impacts of future earthquakes. Despite a wealth of recent paleoliquefaction studies in Christchurch (e.g., Almond et al, 2012;Quigley et al, 2013;Bastin et al, 2015;Maurer et al, 2014;Villamor et al, 2014), a significant challenge remains in understanding the spatial distribution of earthquake sources and shaking intensities that induced paleo-liquefaction, and are thus capable of inducing future liquefaction, in this region.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of magnitude-bound relations for paleoliquefaction analyses: New Zealand case study

Maurer

Green

Quigley

et al. 2015

Engineering Geology

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a b s t r a c tMagnitude-bound relations are often used to estimate paleoearthquake magnitudes from paleoliquefaction data. This study proposes New Zealand-based magnitude-bound curves that are developed using (a) liquefaction field observations and (b) a newly proposed back-calculation approach that combines the simplified liquefaction evaluation procedure with a regionally appropriate ground motion prediction equation. For (b) both deterministic and probabilistic frameworks are proposed. The magnitude bound curves back-calculated using either the deterministic or probabilistic frameworks are advantageous in that they can be used to predict the spatial distribution of liquefaction in regions where historical liquefaction field observations are limited or poorly documented, and because soil-and site-specific conditions can be incorporated into magnitude-bound analyses. Moreover, curves developed using the probabilistic framework allow for the range of possible causative earthquake magnitudes to be better understood and quantified. To demonstrate the use of the proposed relations, paleoliquefaction features discovered in eastern Christchurch (NZ) are analyzed. The 1869~M w 4.8 Christchurch earthquake and/or 1717~M w 8.1 Alpine Fault earthquake are found to be the most likely candidates amongst known historical and paleoearthquakes for triggering liquefaction over the permissible time range (ca. 1660 to 1905 A.D.). This study demonstrates the potential of the proposed magnitude-bound curves to provide insight in to past, present, and future hazards, proving their utility even in cases of limited evidence. The approach of developing and applying magnitude bound curves proposed herein is not limited to parts of New Zealand, but rather, can be applied worldwide.

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“…if the total area affected is in the order of 10 km 2 then an intensity VII is assigned, whereas if the total area affected is in the order of 1000 km 2 an intensity IX is assigned). Overall, landslides, rockfalls and other gravitational effects are widely used to trace and evaluate paleoevents (Bull et al, 1994;Bull and Brandon, 1998;Gallousi and Koukouvelas, 2007;Mackey and Quigley, 2014) and exert a significant influence on the seismic landscape (e.g. Dramis and Blumetti, 2005).…”

Section: The Concept Of Earthquake Environmental Effects (Eee) and Thmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geomorphology of active faulting and seismic hazard assessment: New tools and future challenges

et al. 2015

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Strong proximal earthquakes revealed by cosmogenic 3He dating of prehistoric rockfalls, Christchurch, New Zealand

Cited by 36 publications

References 23 publications

Liquefaction Features Produced by the 2010–2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence in Southwest Christchurch, New Zealand, and Preliminary Assessment of Paleoliquefaction Features

Liquefaction Features Produced by the 2010–2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence in Southwest Christchurch, New Zealand, and Preliminary Assessment of Paleoliquefaction Features

Development of magnitude-bound relations for paleoliquefaction analyses: New Zealand case study

Geomorphology of active faulting and seismic hazard assessment: New tools and future challenges

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