Structural and ferroelectric properties of solid-state derived carbonate-free barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanoscale particles

Obtaining the highly pure barium titanate nanocrystals by a new approach

“…2b, the location of XRD peaks in BT1 sample has shifted about 0.2° to lower 2θ in contrast to those of BT2 sample due to stored energy in the material during the milling stage of the starting materials. However, the results indicate that we can obtain monosized particles with spherical morphology at lower temperatures in contrast to the literature [4][5][9][10][11][12].…”

“…Since the characteristic bands of the carbonates (1049, 1421 cm −1 ) [13][14][15][16][17] have not been appeared in our spectrum, and only a little trace of the carbonate phases is seen at 860 cm −1 it can be stated that the synthesized nanocrystals are highly pure. This outcome is the significant advantage of the present method in contrast to other established methods [10][11][12]. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7].…”

“…In the second stage, the BaTiO 3 formation is controlled by barium diffusion through the barium titanate layer [13]. In this stage, in contrast to the literature, no secondary phase was detected [4,[10][11][12]. The milling stage of the starting materials also results in the creation of a high density of lattice defects, dislocations and free M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 7 surfaces.…”

“…Barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ; BTO) is a well-known electroceramic material used in manufacturing the thermistors, dielectric ceramic capacitors, etc [1][2][3]. During the last decade, a large number of synthetic approaches have been developed for the preparation of barium titanate nanopowders [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9], but large-scale production is frequently based on solidstate reactions of mixed oxides [10][11][12]. In this process, barium titanate is obtained from the reaction between TiO 2 and BaCO 3 at high temperatures (1100-1400 °C).…”

“…It is apparent from the FE-SEM micrographs that BTO nanocrystals observed in the agglomerates of BT1 sample are relatively uniform in size having spherical morphology than BT2 sample. There are some other papers describing synthesis of BTO by solid-state synthesis method without milling the BaCO 3 and TiO 2 before their mixing; those methods[4][5][9][10][11][12] produced poorly uniform and larger particles with board particles size distributions at higher temperatures.…”