Structural and Rheological Properties of Nonedible Vegetable Oil-Based Resin

Abstract

Jatropha oil-based polyol (JOL) was prepared from crude Jatropha oil via an epoxidation and hydroxylation reaction. During the isocyanation step, two different types of diisocyanates; 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (2,4-TDI) and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), were introduced to produce Jatropha oil-based polyurethane acrylates (JPUA). The products were named JPUA-TDI and JPUA-IPDI, respectively. The success of the stepwise reactions of the resins was confirmed using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to support the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis that was reported in the previous study. For JPUA-TDI, the presence of a signal at 7.94 ppm evidenced the possible side reactions between urethane linkages with secondary amine that resulted in an aryl-urea group (Ar-NH-COO-). Meanwhile, the peak of 2.89 ppm was assigned to the α-position of methylene to the carbamate (-CH2NHCOO) group in the JPUA-IPDI. From the rheological study, JO and JPUA-IPDI in pure form were classified as Newtonian fluids, while JPUA-TDI showed non-Newtonian behaviour with pseudoplastic or shear thinning behaviour at room temperature. At elevated temperatures, the JO, JPUA-IPDI mixture and JPUA-TDI mixture exhibited reductions in viscosity and shear stress as the shear rate increased. The JO and JPUA-IPDI mixture maintained Newtonian fluid behaviour at all temperature ranges. Meanwhile, the JPUA-TDI mixture showed shear thickening at 25 °C and shear thinning at 40 °C, 60 °C and 80 °C. The master curve graph based on the shear rate for the JO, JPUA-TDI mixture and JPUA-IPDI mixture at 25 °C, 40 °C, 60 °C and 80 °C was developed as a fluid behaviour reference for future storage and processing conditions during the encapsulation process. The encapsulation process can be conducted to fabricate a self-healing coating based on a microcapsule triggered either by air or ultra-violet (UV) radiation.

Natural weathering effects on the surface morphological and physicochemical properties of radiation curable coatings in tropical climate

“…Surface finishing materials derived from biomass resources, such as palm oil, have the potential to be one of the top choices among local industries since they have quality characteristics comparable to petrochemical-based coating products, and are even more environmentally friendly [1][2][3][4]. Along with the manufacturing of such cutting-edge materials, radiation curing technology is a green technology because it emits less or no volatile organic compounds (VOC) into the environment when compared to conventional techniques [1][2][3][4][5][6][7].…”

Electrical, Thermal, and Structural Characterization of Plant-Based 3D Printed Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Future Electrochemical Applications

“…Vegetable oils are mainly made from palm oil, castor oil, and soybean oil, and they are used for resins, coatings, and adhesives [ 19 ]. The process for developing plant-based polymer resins usually begins with the extraction of vegetable oil before the polymers undergo chemical modification such as hydroxylation, epoxidation, acrylation, isocyanation, and transesterification [ 20 ]. Due to the benefits that plant-based polymers possess, they act as polymer hosts to produce polymer electrolytes.…”

Self-Healing Behavior of Polymer/Protein Hybrid Hydrogels

“…Analogous to the structures present in biological systems at different length scales, a remarkable progress was registered in developing new functional materials for regenerative medicine, pharmaceutics or electronics and advanced technologies [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ]. Due to high elasticity, superabsorbence and excellent mechanical properties, synthetic hydrogels with porous structure are widely used in biomedical applications for controlled drug release, tissue engineering, implantable devices, wound dressings, contact lenses, biosensors or actuators, etc.…”

“…In particular, various biomaterials can be easily obtained by environmental-friendly chemical or physical procedures applied to poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) [ 15 , 16 ], or to various combinations of PVA with other macromolecules or small molecules [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. The high interest in the PVA-based hydrogels is due to the exceptional mechanical properties [ 4 , 23 ] and their performances in multifunctional biomaterials [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ], but also to their self-healing properties [ 5 , 9 , 11 ] and high elasticity proved in creep and recovery tests [ 9 , 11 , 19 ].…”