Structural Characteristics of the Tallest Mangrove Forests of the American Continent: A Comparison of Ground-Based, Drone and Radar Measurements

Abstract

The Panama Bight eco-region along the Pacific coast of central and South America is considered to have one of the best-preserved mangrove ecosystems in the American continent. The regional climate, with rainfall easily reaching 5–8 m every year and weak wind conditions, contribute to the exceptionally tall mangroves along the southern Colombian and northern Ecuadorian Pacific coasts (Nariño Department and Esmeraldas Province areas). Here we evaluate the use of different methods (ground-based measurements, drone imagery and radar data [Shuttle Radar Topography mission-SRTM and TanDEM-X]) to characterize the structure of the tallest of these forests. In November 2019, three mangrove sites with canopy heights between 50 and 60 m, previously identified with SRTM data, were sampled close to the town of Guapi, Colombia. In addition to in situ field measurements of trees, we conducted airborne drone surveys in order to generate georeferenced orthomosaics and digital surface models (DSMs). We found that the extensive mangrove forests in this area of the Colombian Pacific are almost entirely composed of Rhizophora spp. trees. The tallest mangrove tree measured in the three plots was 57 m. With ca. 900 drone photographs, three orthomosaics (2 cm pixel–1 resolution) and digital surface models (3.5 cm pixel–1) with average area of 4,0 ha were generated. The field-measured canopy heights were used to validate the drone-derived and radar-derived data, confirming these mangrove forests as the tallest in the Americas. The drone-derived orthomosaics showed significant patches of the Golden Leather Fern, Acrostichum aureum, an opportunistic species that can be associated to mangrove degradation, indicating that the mangrove forests investigated here may be threatened from increased selective logging requiring improvements and effective implementation of the current mangrove management plans in Colombia. The techniques used here are highly complementary and may represent the three tiers for carbon reporting, whereby the drone-derived canopy height maps, calibrated with local in situ measurements, provides cheap but reliable Tier 3 estimates of carbon stocks at the project level.

Data Acquisition Tree Height and Areal Parameters of Mangrove Vegetation Using UAV

“…However, this error is still much smaller than the RMSE obtained by Castellanos-Galindo et.al. 35 , who calculated the height of mangrove trees on the northern coast of the Nariño Department of the Colombian Pacific coast, using a UAV. The R Square value they obtained was only 0.06.…”

Estimating mangrove aboveground biomass in the Colombian Pacific coast: A multisensor and machine learning approach

“…[ 74 ], and [ 1 ], which indicate those locations with exceptionally high mangrove AGB presence. However, it's worth noting that for these locations, the training samples [ 27 , 28 , 32 ] that informed the selected model span different dates and places over roughly a 12-year period ( Table 1 and Table SM2 ). This demonstrates that both older and more recent data exhibit notably high AGB values, which is evident in the prediction model.…”

“…(1), Boundary filters for ROI and date were used ( Table 2 ). (2), The height records of mangroves in the CPC were reviewed in the literature and reports of the tallest trees for the CPC were found; this allowed for establishing the limiting heights to apply masking of elevation values in the range of −2 to 60 m height in the images within the ROI, in order to decrease the possible noise introduced by elevation outliers [ 1 , 32 ]. (3), Finally a 3-band composite was performed ( Fig.…”

Mangroves Cover Change Trajectories 1984-2020: The Gradual Decrease of Mangroves in Colombia

“…The environmental conditions and poor accessibility have contributed to keeping the remaining mangroves mostly undisturbed across large swaths of the Pacific coast. This condition has allowed the development of some of the tallest mangroves forests in South America, with canopies reaching 54 meters (Simard et al, 2019a) and trees measured in situ reaching 57 meters (Castellanos-Galindo et al, 2021a).…”