Structural Clay Products

Brownell, Wayne Ernest

doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-8449-3

Cited by 32 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…15 illustrates another illite-derived Al-silicate agglomerate. With further heating above 1323 K, unlike kaolinite, the initial crystalline phases (spinel, hematite and corundum) could dissolve in the melt and react with silica to form mullite and glassy material [89], which could have different effects on coke properties. Figs.…”

Section: Chemical Composition and Associationsmentioning

confidence: 98%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Minerals and iron-making reactions in blast furnaces

Gupta

French

Sakurovs

et al. 2008

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

109

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Chemical Composition and Associationsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Illite and smectite group minerals lose structural water at 1123-1223 K, followed by decomposition to several phases including spinel (MgAl 2 O 4 ) and corundum (a-Al 2 O 3 ) [89]. Fig.…”

Section: Chemical Composition and Associationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minerals and iron-making reactions in blast furnaces

Gupta

French

Sakurovs

et al. 2008

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

109

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…These ages are stratigraphically consistent and well ordered (Fig. 4), showing that brickmaking started in this area as early as 5300-5000 years ago, almost synchronous with that in the Indus River Valley and Mesopotamia (Brownell 1976;Händle 2007). Our results indicate that the firing temperature, bulk density, water absorption and apparent porosity of these bricks varies from 810 to 900°C, 1.57 to 1.84 g cm -1 , 12.46 to 16.35% and 13.47 to 17.71%, respectively ( Table 3).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…Our analyses of fired clay bricks excavated from the Xinjie site, northwestern China reveals that prehistoric brickmaking in East Asia may have started as early as some 5000 years ago. Fired clay bricks tend to evolve from a long background of unfired, sun-dried bricks, as it did in Mesopotamia, Egypt and the Indus River Valley (Matson 1974;Brownell 1976;Possehl 1990;Chew 1999;Händle 2007). But our findings imply that this was not the case in China, and fired clay bricks appear to be invented independently in this area.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Making of Fired Clay Bricks inChina Some 5000 Years Ago

Yang

Zhu

et al. 2013

Archaeometry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Fired bricks are a hard and durable masonry material that has played a major role in the emergence of early human urban civilization. In China, fired clay bricks have been widely used as a building and flooring material since the Qin Dynasty (476−206 bc), although a few lines of evidence show that fired clay bricks might have been invented as early as 5500 years ago in eastern central China. However, these burnt clumps of clay appear not to be bricks in the strict sense, and our knowledge about the origin of fired clay bricks in China still remains fragmentary. Archaeological excavations at a Middle Neolithic cultural site in northwestern China reveal that the making of fired clay bricks began some 5000 years ago. Our findings also open a window into the process of prehistoric brickmaking in East Asia.

show abstract

Ceramics, Ceramic Processing

Ewsuk

2000

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Processing is key to the reproducible manufacture of ceramics. The tolerance of a finished ceramic to defects determines the raw materials selected, and the control that must be exercised during processing. More expensive advanced ceramics require higher quality, more expensive raw materials coupled with more carefully controlled manufacturing processes.Ceramic processing is complicated both by the number of steps required in manufacture (Fig. 1), and by requirements to optimize the processing in the different steps. These factors are often opposed. For example, a fine particle size provides improved plasticity for forming and a higher thermodynamic driving force for sintering; however, electrostatic attraction and van der Waals forces promote agglomeration, ie, the formation of weakly bound particle clusters, and caking, making mixing and packing difficult. Submicrometer particles can be more easily mixed and packed in liquids, but the finer interparticle pore structure results in higher forming and drying stresses, as well as longer forming and drying times.Ceramics are basically flaw intolerant materials. Consequently chemical and physical defects can severely degrade properties. Additionally, mistakes are cumulative in ceramic processing and these generally cannot be corrected during sintering and post-sintering processing (as they can be in metals processing, for example). The quality of the product is only as good as the quality of the raw materials used, and the control exercised in each of the process steps. Raw MaterialsRaw materials for ceramic processing range from relatively impure clay materials (see CLAYS) mined from natural mineral deposits, to ultrahigh purity powders 638 CERAMICS, PROCESSING Vol. 5Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Fig. 1. Flow diagram of the steps and processes involved in manufacturing a ceramic.Vol. 5 CERAMICS, PROCESSING CERAMICS, PROCESSING Vol. 5 by chemical synthesis pose some unresolved processing problems in the areas of handling and mixing. Solid State. Ceramic compounds can be formed by reacting constituent oxides and/or thermally decomposed salts at an elevated temperature in a solid-state process described as calcination (2,13-17). For example, spinel [1302-67-6], MgAl 2 O 4 , can be formed by reacting magnesia [1309-48-4], MgO, and alumina [1344-28-1], Al 2 O 3 .Because solid-state diffusion is inherently slow, fine, well-mixed powders are required to ensure that reactions go to completion and that chemical and structural homogeneity are achieved during calcination. Often multiple calcination, grinding, and mixing steps are performed to ensure homogeneity. Purity of the product is limited by the purity of the constituent raw materials, and by the impurities introduced during grinding. Ceramic powders formed by calcination are typically less expensive (<$1=kg) than those formed by liquid or vapor techniques ($$25 À 50=kg), but are also typically less pure and larger in size. Solution Chemistry. Submicrometer particle size, high purity ceramic powders ca...

show abstract

Structural Clay Products

Cited by 32 publications

References 0 publications

Minerals and iron-making reactions in blast furnaces

Minerals and iron-making reactions in blast furnaces

The Making of Fired Clay Bricks inChina Some 5000 Years Ago

Ceramics, Ceramic Processing

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About