2013
DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2011.10.011
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Structural damages in adsorbed vaccines affected by freezing

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Cited by 36 publications
(24 citation statements)
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“…Hence, viral diseases that usually require a Th1-mediated immunity and CTL activation for protection may not fully benefit from employing aluminum as an adjuvant. Importantly, aluminum salts render absorbed vaccines more susceptible to freeze and thaw stress resulting in vaccine structural damages and agglomeration [59,60]. In addition, alum absorption can induce destabilization of the conformational structure of the antigen or epitopes [61].…”
Section: Classes Of Adjuvants Tested For Vlp-based Vaccinesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Hence, viral diseases that usually require a Th1-mediated immunity and CTL activation for protection may not fully benefit from employing aluminum as an adjuvant. Importantly, aluminum salts render absorbed vaccines more susceptible to freeze and thaw stress resulting in vaccine structural damages and agglomeration [59,60]. In addition, alum absorption can induce destabilization of the conformational structure of the antigen or epitopes [61].…”
Section: Classes Of Adjuvants Tested For Vlp-based Vaccinesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Assays for the detection of damages to vaccine formulations induced by freezing have been published. 32,33 Attempts have been made to overcome the sensitivity to freezing by adding lyoprotectants, such as trehalose, to the preparations. 34,35 Aluminum adjuvants failed to provide satisfactory augmentation of the immune response against a number of infectious diseases, such as with influenza and typhoid fever vaccines.…”
Section: Limitations To the Applicability Of Mineral Adjuvantsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These vaccines, however, can be freeze sensitive, especially if adjuvanted with aluminum salts, which may collapse on freezing, lowering the adjuvant effect [16] . A recent study in the United States found a surprisingly high number of accidental exposures to freezing temperatures for vaccine vials labeled for storage at 2–8°C due to inappropriate shipping or interim storage at storage at health centers [17,18] .…”
Section: The Inherent Temperature Sensitivity Of Vaccinesmentioning
confidence: 99%