Structural Investigations of Nanocrystalline Cu-Cr-Mo Alloy Prepared by High-Energy Ball Milling

Kumar, Avanish; Pradhan, Sunil Kumar; Jayasankar, K.; Debata, M.; Sharma, Rajendra K.; Mandal, A.

doi:10.1007/s11664-016-5125-x

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Meanwhile, X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that the peaks of Mo disappeared at 40 h milling, which was due to the formation of Cu-Cr-Mo solid solutions. [29] Kumar et al [30] milled Cu-Mo immiscible components at different milling time, and found that the crystallites size decreased, whereas lattice strain increased with milling duration. It was demonstrated the solid solubility of Mo in Cu lattice increased with increasing milling time.…”

Section: Solid Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Alloying of Immiscible Metallic Systems: Process, Microstructure, and Mechanism

Shuai

Peng

et al. 2021

Adv Eng Mater

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Immiscible metallic systems provide new opportunities for tailoring material properties due to their unique microstructure. However, they are immiscible in the liquid state, or separate into incompatible liquid phase during the cooling process, making it difficult to obtain their alloys or phases. Mechanical alloying is a solidstate processing route, whose basic principle is to utilize mechanical impact to make materials suffer cyclic deforming, fracturing, and welding. It reduces the energy barrier and provides pathways of atom diffusion, achieving atomic-level alloying in solid-state. Notably, mechanical alloying does not undergo the cooling process from liquid to solid phase, which can avoid the solute separation. This article discusses the mechanical alloying process, microstructure, and mechanism of immiscible metallic systems. It focuses on the alloying principles, including solid solutions, intermetallic compounds, nanocrystalline or amorphous alloys. In addition, the effects of process parameters, including rotation speed, milling time, and ball-to-powder weight ratio, on microstructure and phase constitution are comprehensively reviewed. Some useful suggestions regarding the preparation of immiscible metallic systems are also put forward for future works.

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Section: Solid Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Alloying of Immiscible Metallic Systems: Process, Microstructure, and Mechanism

Shuai

Peng

et al. 2021

Adv Eng Mater

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“…Figure 14 shows the effect of HEBM duration on the electrical resistivity and hardness of Cu-Cr alloy sintered at 900 °C for 10 min. Strictly speaking, the conductivity of powder decreases dramatically after HEBM, which can be explained by peening, structural defect accumulation, and grain refinement that introduces electrical resistance into the specimen [139][140][141][142]. Moreover, the specific electrical resistivity of samples was reduced by decreasing the temperature from 197 to -263 °C and showed deviation from linear dependences at -223 °C.…”

Section: Other Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A critical review on spark plasma sintering of copper and its alloys

et al. 2021

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Copper and its alloys have been in the service of humankind earlier than any other metal throughout history. In the present review, all aspects of the SPS of copper and its alloys are comprehensively investigated, and their potential effects on the microstructure and properties of alloys are thoroughly reviewed. In this regard, the densification phenomenon during SPS treatment is fully investigated. The effects of raw powder characteristics involving particle size, contamination content, and powder morphology on the sinterability of these materials are examined. Then, the influence of SPS operation parameters consisting of pressure, heating rate, dwelling time, pulsed electrical current, electrical pulses pattern, sintering temperature, and sintering tooling on densification of these materials is extensively discussed. Furthermore, the microstructure evolution and grain growth behaviors during SPS are explored. In addition, current challenges and future perspectives of this field are addressed.

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“…Among these ways, mechanical alloying (MA), due to the simple eco-friendly process and homogenous dispersion of the second phase, has a special place for the production of copper composites. There are a lot of investigations for the fabrication of Cu-Cr alloys by the MA [17][18][19], but a few of them focused on the prediction and optimizing the microhardness of the produced solid solutions.…”

Section: Instructionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing of micro-hardness of nanostructured Cu–Cr solid solution produced by mechanical alloying using ANN and genetic algorithm

et al. 2020

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In this study, a feed-forward back-propagation artificial neural network (ANN) was designed for the predicting of the micro-hardness of nano-sized Cu-Cr solid solution. The network with 10 and 18 neurons in the first and second hidden layers, respectively, was created based on the 36 extracted data (7 variables and 36 datasets) from a similar study. Then, the genetic algorithm of the effective parameters of mechanical alloying was developed to specify the maximum hardness of Cu-Cr alloys. Consequently, the milling process was performed to validate the created network according to the obtained factors in the genetic algorithm. For this purpose, mechanical alloying was carried out by ball milling of the Cu-Cr powders at 3 and 4.5 weight percentages, respectively. The ball-to-powder weight ratio was kept at 15:1 in the Ar atmosphere and the milling times for Cu-3wt%Cr and Cu-4.5wt%Cr were 48 and 63 h, respectively. Produced powders were studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Lattice strain, crystallite size, and internal strain were calculated by Rietveld refinement, using the Maud software. Next, the produced powders compressed via a cold press and annealed at 601 °C. The micro-hardness for the Cu-3wt%Cr and Cu-4.5wt%Cr were 228 and 255 Vickers, respectively, while the predicted micro-hardness by the artificial neural network and genetic algorithm were 237 and 243 Vickers, respectively. The root mean square error was 4.25% in the regression of 0.99063 at the proposed sintering temperature. Finally, the result of the sensitivity analysis shows that the milling time, percentage of Cr, and annealing temperature had the highest impact on the micro-hardness of the products.

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Structural Investigations of Nanocrystalline Cu-Cr-Mo Alloy Prepared by High-Energy Ball Milling

Cited by 13 publications

References 9 publications

Mechanical Alloying of Immiscible Metallic Systems: Process, Microstructure, and Mechanism

Mechanical Alloying of Immiscible Metallic Systems: Process, Microstructure, and Mechanism

A critical review on spark plasma sintering of copper and its alloys

Optimizing of micro-hardness of nanostructured Cu–Cr solid solution produced by mechanical alloying using ANN and genetic algorithm

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