“…Specifically, this simultaneous approach allows us to detect the group difference on the error‐free latent variable scale (i.e., the ability parameter in IRT is equal to an (unbiased) estimator minus (random) error) at post‐test, by controlling for the possible measurement error in the pre‐test scores and by mapping pre‐test scores and post‐test scores on the latent variable scales. However, in previous studies, measurement error was mainly adjusted for the response variable (e.g., Fox, ) or for the covariate (e.g., Battauz & Bellio, ; Carroll et al ., ; Fox & Glas, ; Goldstein et al ., ). That is, in these previous applications, either a measurement model for the response variable (e.g., equation or a classical true score model) or a measurement model for the covariate (e.g., equation or a classical true score model) was used.…”