Structural origins of cartilage shear mechanics

Jackson, Thomas Wyse; Michel, Jonathan; Lwin, Pancy; Fortier, Lisa A.; Das, Moumita; Bonassar, Lawrence J.; Cohen, Itai

doi:10.1126/sciadv.abk2805

Cited by 19 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Material toughness is an important property for many organisms and organism collectives, especially those that need to avoid fracture. For instance, toughness is an important characteristic of cartilage [25] and other collagen networks [26], especially as joint degeneration progresses with age or injury [27]. Animal collectives have also been shown to actively entangle by bending limbs [11,23] as a mechanism for holding themselves together under external stresses like shear flows.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Entanglement in living systems

Day,

Zamani-Dahaj,

Bozdag

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Many organisms exhibit branching morphologies that twist around each other and become entangled. Entanglement occurs when different objects interlock with each other, creating complex and often irreversible configurations. This physical phenomenon is well-studied in non-living materials, such as granular matter, polymers, and wires, where it has been shown that entanglement is highly sensitive to the geometry of the component parts. However, entanglement is not yet well understood in living systems, despite its presence in many organisms. In fact, recent work has shown that entanglement can evolve rapidly, and play a crucial role in the evolution of tough, macroscopic multicellular groups. Here, through a combination of experiments, simulations, and numerical analyses, we show that growth generically facilitates entanglement for a broad range of geometries. We find that experimentally grown entangled branches can be difficult or even impossible to disassemble through translation and rotation of rigid components, suggesting that there are many configurations of branches that growth can access that agitation cannot. We use simulations to show that branching trees readily grow into entangled configurations. In contrast to non-growing entangled materials, these trees entangle for a broad range of branch geometries. We thus propose that entanglement via growth is largely insensitive to the geometry of branched-trees, but instead will depend sensitively on time scales, ultimately achieving an entangled state once sufficient growth has occurred. We test this hypothesis in experiments with snowflake yeast, a model system of undifferentiated, branched multicellularity, showing that lengthening the time of growth leads to entanglement, and that entanglement via growth can occur for a wide range of geometries. Taken together, our work demonstrates that entanglement is more readily achieved in living systems than in their non-living counterparts, providing a widely-accessible and powerful mechanism for the evolution of novel biological material properties.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Entanglement in living systems

Day,

Zamani-Dahaj,

Bozdag

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Disordered elastic systems encompass a wide range of materials, from amorphous solids [2] and network glasses [3] to biopolymer fiber networks [4], articular cartilage [5], confluent cell tissues [6,7] and even machine learning [8]. Their theoretical development has not only led to a much deeper understanding of traditionally difficult problems as the glass transition; it has also pushed the boundaries of science to incorporate new frameworks such as topological mechanics [9,10], nonreciprocal phase transitions [11] and novel mechanical metamaterials [12][13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Universal scaling for disordered viscoelastic matter II: Collapses, global behavior and spatio-temporal properties

Liarte¹,

Thornton²,

Schwen³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Disordered viscoelastic materials are ubiquitous and exhibit fascinating invariant scaling properties. In a companion article [1], we have presented comprehensive new results for the critical behavior of the dynamic susceptibility of disordered elastic systems near the onset of rigidity. Here we provide additional details of the derivation of the singular scaling forms of the longitudinal response near both jamming and rigidity percolation. We then discuss global aspects associated with these forms, and make scaling collapse plots for both undamped and overdamped dynamics in both the rigid and floppy phases. We also derive critical exponents, invariant scaling combinations and analytical formulas for universal scaling functions of several quantities such as transverse and density responses, elastic moduli, viscosities, and correlation functions. Finally, we discuss tentative experimental protocols to measure these behaviors in colloidal suspensions.

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“…Networks and network-like structures are ubiquitous in biological cells and tissues, and provide the basis for their mechanical properties and functions. Biopolymer networks are largely responsible for the mechanical response of the cytoskeleton of cells [1][2][3][4][5][6] and the extracellular matrix of tissues [7][8][9][10][11]; more recently, rigidly percolating connected networks of cells have been shown to account for the viscoelasticity of developing embryos [12]. These networks are generally highly disordered and spatially inhomogeneous as a result of how they are assembled and disassembled.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This mechanical phase transition is known as rigidity percolation [19,25]. Dilute fiber networks have shown great promise as micromechanical models for invitro cytoskeletal networks [16][17][18][19], and more recently for extracellular matrix networks in tissues [8,11,26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reentrant Rigidity Percolation in Structurally Correlated Filamentous Networks

Michel¹,

Kessel²,

Jackson³

et al. 2022

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Many biological tissues feature a heterogeneous network of fibers whose tensile and bending rigidity contribute substantially to these tissues' elastic properties. Rigidity percolation has emerged as a important paradigm for relating these filamentous tissues' mechanics to the concentrations of their constituents. Past studies have generally considered tuning of networks by spatially homogeneous variation in concentration, while ignoring structural correlation. We here introduce a model in which dilute fiber networks are built in a correlated manner that produces alternating sparse and dense regions. Our simulations indicate that structural correlation consistently allows tissues to attain rigidity with less material. We further find that the percolation threshold varies non-monotonically with the degree of correlation, such that it decreases with moderate correlation and once more increases for high correlation. We explain the eventual reentrance in the dependence of the rigidity percolation threshold on correlation as the consequence of large, stiff clusters that are too poorly coupled to transmit forces across the network. Our study offers deeper understanding of how spatial heterogeneity may enable tissues to robustly adapt to different mechanical contexts.I.

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Structural origins of cartilage shear mechanics

Cited by 19 publications

References 69 publications

Entanglement in living systems

Entanglement in living systems

Universal scaling for disordered viscoelastic matter II: Collapses, global behavior and spatio-temporal properties

Reentrant Rigidity Percolation in Structurally Correlated Filamentous Networks

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