Structural studies of chemically vapour-deposited tin oxide films

The nature of paramagnetic defects in tin (IV) oxide

“…It is assumed that the defects are distributed on the surface of rutiletype SnO 2 structure in cluster form [42]. In some SnO 2 films annealed at 400-500°C the Sn 3 O 4 phase was detected by XRD measurements [41]. Note that the traces of SnO and Sn 3 O 4 phases were also detected by XRD in some our SnO 2 samples.…”

“…Some authors assume that a relatively high conductivity of tin dioxide at low temperature is achieved due to the presence of small amounts of SnO or Sn phases [38][39][40]. It is supposed that oxygen-deficient layers are always present on surface of non-stoichiometric SnO 2 crystallites and may contribute to an increased conductivity of tin dioxide [35,[38][39][40][41]. In our experiment the traces of SnO and Sn 3 O 4 phases were detected by ED in SnO 2 (Ia-type) + AO samples annealed at 500°C, but further growth of the temperature up to700°C resulted in the disappearance of these phases.…”

Dispersion stability of tin(IV) oxide nanoparticles in polar solvents and water aided by ultrasonication

“…10) Its physical, electronic and optical properties have been widely studied and explored. [11][12][13][14][15][16] It has been shown that it possesses also many unique optical properties such as wide bandgap and high transmission in the visible range. 17) Due to these facts, it has been successfully demonstrated for use as optical humidity sensors.…”

High Transparency and Electrical Conductivity of SnO$_{2}$:Nb Thin Films Formed through (001)-Oriented SnO:Nb on Glass Substrate

“…1,2) Indium tin oxide (ITO) is currently industrially utilized as a TCO; nonetheless, the instability of supply and inflationary price of indium are recognized limitations. 3) Thus, various alternatives to ITO such as tin oxide (SnO 2 ), 2,[4][5][6][7] zinc oxide (ZnO), 8) and titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) 9) have been explored. SnO 2 has attracted particular attention because of the low price of tin and capability for large-area deposition and has already been applied as a TCO.…”