Structural Transformation in the OECD

Abstract

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Placing the operator at the centre of Industry 4.0 design: Modelling and assessing human activities within cyber-physical systems

“…In particular, these studies contribute to shed some light on the underlying phenomena, by observing longer term, cross-sectorial and cross-regional dynamics. An interesting finding is that the overall share of income accrued to workers is declining "in the large majority of countries and sectors" (Karabarbounis & Neiman, 2013), meaning that companies increasingly rely on capital rather than labour (Berger & Frey, 2016b). Moreover, these recent analysis (Berger & Frey, 2016b) have supported previous studies stating that technologies have had a skill-biased effect on jobs, negatively impacting medium skill and routine jobs (Autor, Levy, & Murnane, 2003) rather than low and high skill jobs.…”

“…An interesting finding is that the overall share of income accrued to workers is declining "in the large majority of countries and sectors" (Karabarbounis & Neiman, 2013), meaning that companies increasingly rely on capital rather than labour (Berger & Frey, 2016b). Moreover, these recent analysis (Berger & Frey, 2016b) have supported previous studies stating that technologies have had a skill-biased effect on jobs, negatively impacting medium skill and routine jobs (Autor, Levy, & Murnane, 2003) rather than low and high skill jobs. According to the analysis by (Frey & Osborne, 2013), jobs more susceptible to be substituted from technology are routine based, do not require manual dexterity or social interaction.…”

The mitigating role of regulation on the concentric patterns of broadband diffusion. The case of Finland

“…The motivation of operators to compete becomes even more sensitive to population density decrease when services are offered via flat-rate pricing, given that revenues per user are constant. The positive effect of population density on competition has been observed in OECD countries, where competition levels were found to remain higher in cities compared in rural areas (Berger and Frey, 2016). This positive effect has also been observed in the US, where the number of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) in the US counties was found to statistically decrease as population density decreases in 2007 (Durairajan and Barford, 2016;Grubesic, 2010).…”

“…During the 2000s while new services like VDSL and cable were deployed in European cities, DSL over long copper lines remained as the only solution for rural users. To increase the quality of rural broadband, wireless community networks emerged in Spain, Germany, Greece, among other European countries, thus showing the willingness of end users to invest in broadband infrastructure (Baig et al, 2015;Berger and Frey, 2016;Frangoudis et al, 2011;Fuchs, 2017;Micholia et al, 2018;Saldana et al, 2017). Therefore, broadband penetration goals not only can be achieved through nationwide operator investment but also considering the willingness and investment capacity of end users.…”

Inclusive innovation policies

“…Prospects for many others worsen: routine middle-skilled tasks are increasingly being automated, while jobs at the lower end of the skills distribution are seeing increased demand but are associated with low wages and low levels of job security. This growing polarisation in the labour markets may further exacerbate inequalities (Berger and Frey, 2016;OECD, 2011a).…”