Structure and Antioxidant Activities of Proanthocyanidins from Elephant Apple (<i>Dillenia indica Linn</i>.)

Chen, Fu; Yang, Dan; Peh, Elaine; Lai, Shaojuan; Feng, Xiao; Yang, Huiying

doi:10.1111/1750-3841.13005

Cited by 62 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…It has been reported that D. indica fruits, which are rich in proanthocyanidins, contain a high amount of B-type procyanidins but a lower amount of B-type prodelphinidins [49]. Proanthocyanidin is a class of polyphenols, which are water-soluble in nature, are found mostly in a variety of fruits.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus D. indica fruit possesses therapeutic potential to reduce serum cholesterol levels. The possible mechanisms behind the reduction in serum cholesterol levels may include proanthocyanidin (plant sterols) which is a class of polyphenols found in a variety of fruits including D. indica [49]. It is well established that plant sterols are a potent therapeutic target for cardiovascular health [68].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been reported that bioactive palmitoleate can prevent atherosclerosis by suppressing organelle stress and inflammasome activation [74]. Moreover, it has also been reported that phytosterols in D. indica possess antioxidant [49] and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha [75] and may be the crucial underlying mechanism to prevent atherosclerosis. Microscopy and phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of xylem fibers, phytosterols, pro-anthocyanidins, terpenoids, glycosides, fatty acids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds in D. indica [49, 76].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dillenia indica fruit extract has Glucose and Cholesterol Lowering effects

Khan

Bhowmik

Rhaman

et al. 2019

Preprint

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27 Background: Dillenia indica (D. indica) can suppress carbohydrates 28 hydrolysis by inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase. However, there is a lack 29 of understanding of its therapeutic potential as an antidiabetic and anti-30 hyperlipidemic agent. 31Methods and findings: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) was induced by a single 32 intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin (STZ; 90mg/kg) and hyperlipidemia 33 by feeding with 1% cholesterol, 5% coconut oil and 5% cow fat diet. 34Administration of D. indica extracts in water for four weeks triggered a 35 significant (p≤0.05) reduction in fasting serum glucose (FSG) levels with 36 concomitant improvement in serum insulin levels. Both the water-and 37 ethanol-extract of D. indica treated groups showed significant (p≤0.01) 38 reduction in total cholesterol levels by 25% and 19%, respectively. HDL-39 cholesterol was also augmented (by 14%) in ethanol-extract treated group. 40Liver glycogen content was higher in the water-extract treated group. 41Histopathological examination revealed that there was no tubular epithelial 42 cell degeneration or necrosis in the renal tissues or hepatocyte degeneration 43 and sinusoidal dilation in liver tissues in animals that received the water-44 extract. On the other hand, consumption of D. indica extract with 1% 45 cholesterol, 5% coconut oil diet or with a 5% cow fat diet for 14 days 46 significantly reduced serum cholesterol levels in group-lll (60→45 mg/dl; 47 p≥0.05) and -IV (85→66 mg/dl; p≥0.05) hypercholesterolemic model rats. D. 48 indica fruit extract also reduced serum TG levels (Group-III: 87→65 mg/dl; 49 Group-IV: 40→90 mg/dl; p≥0.05). Interestingly, treatment with D. indica Page 3 of 52 50 prevented a reduction in serum HDL levels in those hypercholesterolemic 51 model rats. Serum LDL levels were significantly lower in group-III (47→39 52 mg/dl; p≥0.05) and group-IV (57→44 mg/dl; p≥0.05) hypercholesterolemic 53 model rats after D. indica treatment. 54 Conclusion: D. indica fruit ameliorates FSG, insulin secretion, glycogen 55 synthesis, and serum lipid profile. Therefore, D. indica fruit can be a potential 56 therapeutic agent for diabetic and hyperlipidemia. Introduction 75 Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by on-going 76 hyperglycemia. Insulin resistance and decreased insulin secretion are the two 77 cardinal features of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM is typically 78 diagnosed based on glucose levels, either a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥ 79 7.0 or a 2-hour 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) ≥ 11.1 mmol/L levels. 80 Pre-diabetic classifications include a fasting blood glucose (FBG) of 5.6-81 6.9 mmol/L or a 2-hour blood glucose level of ≥7.8 and < 11.1 mmol/L [1]. 82 T2DM is often accompanied by cardiovascular disease, diabetic neuropathy, 83 nephropathy, and retinopathy. An altered lipid profile is common in T2DM 84 patients. Furthermore, reduced hepatic glycogen storage is also observed in 85 diabetes [2-4]. Advancements in the modern lifestyle over the last century 86 have contr...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Dillenia indica fruit extract has Glucose and Cholesterol Lowering effects

Khan

Bhowmik

Rhaman

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…The physiologically relevant parameters of antioxidant activity, such as hydrophobicity and membrane‐partitioning ability, which are influenced by methoxy groups, play important roles in these assays . Some flavonoids are capable of protecting vascular endothelial cells against superoxide anion radicals through inhibition of endothelial NADPH oxidase activity . O ‐Methylation of the catechol arrangement in the B ring can convert a flavonoid into an NADPH oxidase inhibitor or improve the inhibition activity .…”

Section: Bioactivities Of Methylated Flavonoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…22,23 Some flavonoids are capable of protecting vascular endothelial cells against superoxide anion radicals through inhibition of endothelial NADPH oxidase activity. 24 O-Methylation of the catechol arrangement in the B ring can convert a flavonoid into an NADPH oxidase inhibitor or improve the inhibition activity. 25 A vicinal hydroxy-methoxy arrangement at an aromatic ring generally enhances the inhibitory potency.…”

Section: Antioxidant Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure, bioactivity, and synthesis of methylated flavonoids

Wen

Jiang

Yang

et al. 2017

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

139

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Methylated flavonoids are an important type of natural flavonoid derivative with potentially multiple health benefits; among other things, they have improved bioavailability compared with flavonoid precursors. Flavonoids have been documented to have broad bioactivities, such as anticancer, immunomodulation, and antioxidant activities, that can be elevated, to a certain extent, by methylation. Understanding the structure, bioactivity, and bioavailability of methylated flavonoids, therefore, is an interesting topic with broad potential applications. Though methylated flavonoids are widely present in plants, their levels are usually low. Because developing efficient techniques to produce these chemicals would likely be beneficial, we provide an overview of their chemical and biological synthesis.

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