Structure-Functional Activity Relationship of β-Glucans From the Perspective of Immunomodulation: A Mini-Review

Han, Biao; Baruah, Kartik; Cox, Eric; Vanrompay, Daisy; Bossier, Peter

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00658

Cited by 167 publications

(138 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…When taken current viewpoints together, both soluble and insoluble β-glucan fractions are capable of supporting immune responses, yet we argue that the β-glucan activity towards the production of chemo-attractants and potentially towards a cellular immune response is expected to be linked to insoluble β-glucans. Besides solubility, we cannot exclude that other physicochemical properties of β-glucans also contribute to the observed effects, such as degree of branching and higher order structures [42]. The same holds true for differential expression levels of PRRs upon exposure to β-glucans, as we have previously observed for dietary fibers and again in our microarray data ( [29] and data not shown).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 47%

Curdlan, zymosan and a yeast-derived β-glucan reshape tumor-associated macrophages into producers of inflammatory chemo-attractants

Graaff

Berrevoets

Rösch

et al. 2020

Cancer Immunol Immunother

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Anti-cancer T-cell responses are often halted due to the immune-suppressive micro-environment, in part related to tumorassociated macrophages. In the current study, we assessed indigestible β-glucans (oatβG, curdlan, grifolan, schizophyllan, lentinan, yeast whole glucan particles (yWGP), zymosan and two additional yeast-derived β-glucans a and b) for their physicochemical properties as well as their effects on the plasticity of human monocyte-derived macrophages that were polarized with IL-4 to immune-suppressive macrophages. Beta-glucans were LPS/LTA free, and tested for solubility, molecular masses, protein and monosaccharide contents. Curdlan, yeast-b and zymosan re-polarized M(IL-4) macrophages towards an M1-like phenotype, in particular showing enhanced gene expression of CCR7, ICAM1 and CD80, and secretion of TNF-α and IL-6. Notably, differential gene expression, pathway analysis as well as protein expressions demonstrated that M(IL-4) macrophages treated with curdlan, yeast-b or zymosan demonstrated enhanced production of chemo-attractants, such as CCL3, CCL4, and CXCL8, which contribute to recruitment of monocytes and neutrophils. The secretion of chemo-attractants was confirmed when using patient-derived melanoma-infiltrating immune cells. Taken together, the bacterial-derived curdlan as well as the yeast-derived β-glucans yeast-b and zymosan have the unique ability to preferentially skew macrophages towards a chemoattractant-producing phenotype that may aid in anti-cancer immune responses. Keywords Beta-glucans • Macrophages • Chemokines • Chemo-attractants Abbreviations CR3 Complement receptor 3 Conv CD4 T cell Conventional cluster of differentiation 4 T cell LacCer Lactosylceramide LCF Lymphocyte chemoattractant factor LTA Lipoteichoic acid Tig-2 Tazarotene-induced gene 2 protein Treg Regulatory T cell yWGP Yeast whole glucan particle

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 47%

Curdlan, zymosan and a yeast-derived β-glucan reshape tumor-associated macrophages into producers of inflammatory chemo-attractants

Graaff

Berrevoets

Rösch

et al. 2020

Cancer Immunol Immunother

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“…These results can be linked to the analysis of canine Dectin-1 conformation, the cell-surface receptor of β-glucan. These differences in subsequent biological activities of β-glucans could be attributed to dissimilarities in their capacity of binding to the Dectin-1 given its conformation ( 40 ). As mentioned earlier, Dectin-1 structures are highly conserved among studied species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The general implications of branching, molecular weight and conformation of β-glucan is still unclear for the most part although linear chains or poorly branched molecules seem to display the highest biological activity throughout all models ( 40 ). The differences between species' isoforms of Dectin-1, the preferential receptor alone or associated to co-receptors for β-glucans, could partly explain this issue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

β-Glucan-Induced Trained Immunity in Dogs

et al. 2020

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Several observations in the world of comparative immunology in plants, insects, fish and eventually mammals lead to the discovery of trained immunity in the early 2010's. The first demonstrations provided evidence that innate immune cells were capable of developing memory after a first encounter with some pathogens. Trained immunity in mammals was initially described in monocytes with the Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine (BCG) or prototypical agonists like β-glucans. This phenomenon relies on epigenetic and metabolic modifications leading to an enhanced secretion of inflammatory cytokines when the host encounters homologous or heterologous pathogens. The objective of our research was to investigate the trained immunity, well-described in mouse and human, in other species of veterinary importance. For this purpose, we adapted an in vitro model of trained innate immunity in dogs. Blood enriched monocytes were stimulated with β-glucans and we confirmed that it induced an increased production of pro-inflammatory and anti-microbial compounds in response to bacterial stimuli. These results constitute the first demonstration of trained immunity in dogs and confirm its signatures in other mammalian species, with an implication of cellular mechanisms similar to those described in mice and humans regarding cellular epigenetics and metabolic regulations.

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“…PP has also been described to be a new source of dietary fiber, specifically β-glucans [ 38 ]. β-glucan is a heterogeneous non-starch polysaccharide constituted of β- d -glucose units linked by β-(1–4) and β-(1–3) glycosidic bonds [ 39 ]. We have only found one study that refers to β-glucans from PP [ 38 ].…”

Section: Main Bioactive Constituents Present In Pomegranate Peelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pomegranate Peel as Suitable Source of High-Added Value Bioactives: Tailored Functionalized Meat Products

et al. 2020

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In the last few years, the consumer’s concern with the relationship between health and diet has led to the search of foods with functional properties beyond the nutritional. In this framework, the consumption of pomegranate has increased due to their sensorial attributes and remarkable amounts of bioactive compounds, which generate, at the same time, huge amounts of by-products. A search in the Scopus database for the last 10 years has revealed the rising interest in pomegranate peel (PP), the main residue from this fruit. The meat industry is a food sector that has had to search for new alternatives to substitute the use of synthetic preservatives by new natural additives, to extend the self-life and keep the quality attributes of their processed products. This review sets out the main bioactivities of PP extracts, and their incorporation in meat products is elaborated. PP is a good source of bioactive compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonoids and hydrolyzable tannins, which have beneficial health effects. It can be concluded that the reformulation of meat products with PP extracts is a suitable strategy for enhancing their technological characteristics, in addition to conferring functional properties that make them healthier and potentially more acceptable for the consumer.

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Structure-Functional Activity Relationship of β-Glucans From the Perspective of Immunomodulation: A Mini-Review

Cited by 167 publications

References 74 publications

Curdlan, zymosan and a yeast-derived β-glucan reshape tumor-associated macrophages into producers of inflammatory chemo-attractants

Curdlan, zymosan and a yeast-derived β-glucan reshape tumor-associated macrophages into producers of inflammatory chemo-attractants

β-Glucan-Induced Trained Immunity in Dogs

Pomegranate Peel as Suitable Source of High-Added Value Bioactives: Tailored Functionalized Meat Products

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